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- Appeltans, W., et al.
(författare)
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The Magnitude of Global Marine Species Diversity
- 2012
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 22:23, s. 2189-2202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The question of how many marine species exist is important because it provides a metric for how much we do and do not know about life in the oceans. We have compiled the first register of the marine species of the world and used this baseline to estimate how many more species, partitioned among all major eukaryotic groups, may be discovered. Results: There are similar to 226,000 eukaryotic marine species described. More species were described in the past decade (similar to 20,000) than in any previous one. The number of authors describing new species has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of new species described in the past six decades. We report that there are similar to 170,000 synonyms, that 58,000-72,000 species are collected but not yet described, and that 482,000-741,000 more species have yet to be sampled. Molecular methods may add tens of thousands of cryptic species. Thus, there may be 0.7-1.0 million marine species. Past rates of description of new species indicate there may be 0.5 +/- 0.2 million marine species. On average 37% (median 31%) of species in over 100 recent field studies around the world might be new to science. Conclusions: Currently, between one-third and two-thirds of marine species may be undescribed, and previous estimates of there being well over one million marine species appear highly unlikely. More species than ever before are being described annually by an increasing number of authors. If the current trend continues, most species will be discovered this century.
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| 2. |
- Escartin, C., et al.
(författare)
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Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Neuroscience. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1097-6256 .- 1546-1726. ; 24, s. 312-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling was first described over a century ago, uncertainties and controversies remain regarding the contribution of reactive astrocytes to CNS diseases, repair, and aging. It is also unclear whether fixed categories of reactive astrocytes exist and, if so, how to identify them. We point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic-vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs-A2. We advocate, instead, that research on reactive astrocytes include assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters-preferably in vivo-plus multivariate statistics and determination of impact on pathological hallmarks in relevant models. These guidelines may spur the discovery of astrocyte-based biomarkers as well as astrocyte-targeting therapies that abrogate detrimental actions of reactive astrocytes, potentiate their neuro- and glioprotective actions, and restore or augment their homeostatic, modulatory, and defensive functions. Good-bad binary classifications fail to describe reactive astrocytes in CNS disorders. Here, 81 researchers reach consensus on widespread misconceptions and provide definitions and recommendations for future research on reactive astrocytes.
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| 7. |
- Favre-Nicolin, V., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of strain and stacking faults in single nanowires using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging
- 2010
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Ingår i: New Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1367-2630. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) on Bragg reflections is a promising technique for the study of three-dimensional (3D) composition and strain fields in nanostructures, which can be recovered directly from the coherent diffraction data recorded on single objects. In this paper, we report results obtained for single homogeneous and heterogeneous nanowires with a diameter smaller than 100 nm, for which we used CDI to retrieve information about deformation and faults existing in these wires. We also discuss the influence of stacking faults, which can create artefacts during the reconstruction of the nanowire shape and deformation.
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| 8. |
- Göransson, D. J.O., et al.
(författare)
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Coulomb blockade from the shell of an InP-InAs core-shell nanowire with a triangular cross section
- 2019
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 114:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on growth of InP-InAs core-shell nanowires and demonstration of the formation of single quantum structures, which show the Coulomb blockade effect, over entire lengths of the nanowires. The core-shell nanowires are grown by a selective area growth technique via metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. The as-grown core-shell nanowires are found to be of wurtzite crystals. The InP cores have a hexagonal cross section, while the InAs shells are grown preferentially on specific { 1 1 ¯ 00} facets, leading to the formation of the core-shell nanowires with an overall triangular cross section. The grown core-shell nanowires are transferred onto a Si/SiO 2 substrate and then contacted by several narrow metal electrodes. Low-temperature transport measurements show the Coulomb-blockade effect. We analyze the measured gate capacitance and single electron charging energy of the devices and demonstrate that a quantum structure which shows the Coulomb blockade effect of a many-electron quantum dot is formed over the full length of a single core-shell nanowire and consists of the entire InAs shell in the nanowire.
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| 10. |
- Franzén, Sara M., et al.
(författare)
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Stability of supported aerosol-generated nanoparticles in liquid media
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stability of nanoparticles and their supports are critical, but poorly understood, parameters for applications of such systems in liquid environments. Here we develop an approach to systematically investigate the stability of aerosol-generated nanoparticles after exposure to commonly used solvents using a combination of identical location-SEM and density/size analysis. We demonstrate that the choice of solvent needs to be carefully matched with both the particle and support materials. We show that thermal annealing significantly increases the adhesion of the particles and expands the scope of applications in aqueous media and for biological applications. The results clarify combinations of inorganic nanoparticles on oxide and semiconductor supports with solvents and environmental conditions that give sufficient stability. Combined, the presented methods should be of value in investigating the stability of nanoparticle systems after exposure to solvent and can be used for future developments of high-performing supported aerosol-generated nanoparticles for solvent-based applications.
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