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- Ihalainen, Simo, et al.
(author)
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Technical determinants of biathlon standing shooting performance before and after race simulation
- 2018
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 28:6, s. 1700-1707
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to identify performance determining factors in biathlon standing shooting in rest and after intense exercise. Eight Finnish national and nine junior team biathletes participated in the study. Participants fired 40 resting shots (REST) and 2*5 competition simulation shots (LOAD) after 5 min of roller skiing at 95% of peak heart rate. Hit percentage, aiming point trajectory and postural balance were measured from each shot. Cleanness of triggering (ATV, movement of the aiming point 0-0.2 s before the shot) and vertical stability of hold (DevY) were the most important components affecting shooting performance both in REST (DevY, R=-0.61, p<0.01; ATV, R=-0.65, p<0.01) and in LOAD (DevY, R=-0.50, p<0.05; ATV, R=-0.77, p<0.001). Postural balance, especially in shooting direction, was related to DevY and ATV. Stability of hold in horizontal (F(1,15)=7.025, p<0.05) and vertical (F(1,15)=21.285, p<0.001) directions, aiming accuracy (F(1,15)=9.060, p<0.01), and cleanness of triggering (F(1,15)=59.584, p<0.001) decreased from REST to LOAD, accompanied by a decrease in postural balance. National and junior team biathletes differed only in hit percentage in REST (92±8 % vs. 81±8 %, p<0.05) and left leg postural balance in shooting direction in LOAD (0.31±0.18 mm vs. 0.52±0.20 mm, p<0.05), and the intense exercise affected the shooting technical components similarly in both national and junior groups. Biathletes should focus on cleanness of triggering and vertical stability of hold in order to improve biathlon standing shooting performance. More stable postural balance in shooting direction could help to improve these shooting technical components.
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- Mikkola, Jussi, et al.
(author)
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Changes in performance and poling kinetics during cross-country sprint skiing competition using the double-poling technique
- 2013
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In: Sports Biomechanics. - : Routledge. - 1476-3141 .- 1752-6116. ; 12:4, s. 355-364
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, changes in skiing performance and poling kinetics during a simulated cross-country sprint skiing competition were investigated. Twelve elite male cross-country skiers performed simulated sprint competition (4 × 1,150 m heat with 20 min recovery between the heats) using the double-poling technique. Vertical and horizontal pole forces and cycle characteristics were measured using a force plate system (20-m long) during the starting spurt, racing speed, and finishing spurt of each heat. Moreover, heat and 20-m phase velocities were determined. Vertical and horizontal pole impulses as well as mean cycle length were calculated. The velocities of heats decreased by 2.7 ± 1.7% (p = 0.003) over the simulated competition. The 20-m spurting velocity decreased by 16 ± 5% (p < 0.002) and poling time increased by 18 ± 9% (p < 0.003) in spurt phases within heats. Vertical and horizontal poling impulses did not change significantly during the simulation; however, the mean forces decreased (p < 0.039) (vertical by 24 ± 11% and horizontal by 20 ± 10%) within heats but not between the heats. Decreased heat velocities over the simulated sprint and spurting velocities within heats indicated fatigue among the skiers. Fatigue was also manifested by decreased pole force production and increased poling time.
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- Mikkola, Jussi, et al.
(author)
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Determinants of a simulated cross-country skiing sprint competition using V2 skating technique on roller skis
- 2010
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In: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1064-8011 .- 1533-4287. ; 24:2, s. 920-928
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study investigated the performance-predicting factors of a simulated cross-country (XC) skiing sprint competition on roller skis, on a slow surface. Sixteen elite male XC skiers performed a simulated sprint competition (4x850m heat/20 min recovery) using V2 skating technique on an indoor tartan track. Heat velocities, oxygen consumption and peak lactate were measured during or after the heats. Maximal skiing velocity was measured by performing a 30-m speed test. Explosive and maximal force production in the upper body was determined by bench press. Subjects also performed maximal anaerobic skiing test (MAST) and 2x2 km double poling (DP) test. The maximal velocity of MAST (VMAST) and velocities at 3 (V3), 5 (V5), 7 (V7) mmol∙l-1 lactate levels in MAST were determined. In the 2x2 km test DP economy (VO2SUBDP) and maximal 2 km DP velocity (VDP2KM) were determined. The best single performance predicting factors for the sprint performance were VDP2KM (r = 0.73, p<0.01), V7 (r = 0.70, p<0.01) and VO2SUBDP (r = -0.70, p<0.01). Faster skiers in sprint simulation had a higher absolute VO2 (l·min-1) (p<0.05–0.01) during sprint heats, as well as higher anaerobic skiing power (VMAST, p<0.05) and better anaerobic skiing economy (V3, V5, V7, p<0.05 – 0.001) than slower skiers. Faster skiers were also stronger in bench press, with regard to both absolute (p<0.01) and relative (p<0.05) values. In addition, anaerobic characteristics seem to be of importance at the beginning of the XC skiing sprint competition whereas the aerobic characteristics become more important as the XC skiing sprint competition progressed. This study indicates that sprint skiers should emphasize sport-specific upper body training, as well as training skiing economy at high speeds.
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