| 1. |
- Anderson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling in wfds of a wildfire scenario
- 2017
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Ingår i: 15th International Conference and Exhibition on Fire and Materials 2017. - : Interscience Communications Ltd. - 9781510846746 ; , s. 765-776
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper a coarse graining process is used to subsequently model large wildland fires, starting from a model of a single tree. The models are created using Wildland Urban Interface Fire dynamics Simulator (WFDS), and it is here found that reasonable fire spread in small forests can be obtained although the results are quite dependent on grid resolution as well as moisture content. In most realistic scenarios the computational volume is rather large yielding massive amounts of data. In using WFDS a rather small grid size is needed to appropriately model the fire spread this will be a severely limiting factor in creating large models.
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| 2. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Fire testing of alternative fixed fire-extinguishing systems for ro-ro spaces onboard ships
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ships and Offshore Structures. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 1744-5302 .- 1754-212X. ; 18:3, s. 423-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) recognises five different fire-extinguishing system solutions for ro-ro spaces on ships; manually activated water spray systems (Resolution A.123(V)), automatic sprinkler or deluge water spray systems and automatic nozzle or deluge water mist systems (MSC.1/Circ.1430), high-expansion foam systems and gas fire-extinguishing systems (FSS Code). A review of potential commercially available alternative systems, their expected performance efficiency and water consumption was made. Based on this review, two alternative fire-extinguishing systems were identified: Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS) and foam-water sprinkler/spray systems. Fire suppression performance testing of water spray systems according to the Resolution A.123(V) and MSC.1/Circ.1430, a CAFS and a foam-water spray system were conducted. The water spray system per MSC.1/Circ.1430 had superior performance while the system per Resolution A.123(V) and the foam-water spray system limited the fire size to some degrees. The CAFS provided limited fire suppression performance.
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| 3. |
- Arvidson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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FIRESAFE II Alternative fixed‑fire extinguishing systems for ro-ro spaces on ships
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The effectiveness of ‘drencher systems’ per Resolution A.123(V) has been questioned for many years. This report presents a review of potential commercially available alternative systems and their expected performance efficiency, water consumption and estimated installation costs. Additionally, large‑scale fire tests were performed for selected systems.Three main alternative fire-extinguishing systems were identified:Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS)Foam-water sprinkler and foam‑water spray systems; andWater curtains.Water curtains was the least expensive system, but the areas sub‑divided by the water curtains require cargo spacing, resulting in significant yearly losses in income for a ship owner. Furthermore, water curtains were de-selected since they cannot replace a conventional fire-extinguishing system.The installation cost for the selected CAFS was very high and it gave limited fire suppression in the large‑scale fire tests, probably due to the limited discharge density of 2.4 mm/min.The system per MSC.1/Circ.1430 (10 mm/min) had superior performance while the system per Resolution A.123(V) (5 mm/min) and the foam‑water spray system (6.5 mm/min + foam) limited the fire size to some degrees. However, for a potential spill fire scenario, improvements of foam could be relevant.Foam injection could be an alternative, but no new system was recommended to be required.
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| 4. |
- Jiang, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of opening geometries on fire development in a ro-ro space
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ships and Offshore Structures. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5302 .- 1754-212X. ; , s. 272-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of model scale experiments were conducted to study the fire development in a ro-ro deck with various opening geometries. The experiments were performed in a 1/8 reduced scale model with a heptane pool fire as fire source. Experimental results show that both the ventilation factor and the opening position affect the fire development. The critical opening ratio for the fire to self-extinguish is 4%, with the opening locating at the bottom of the side walls while no self-extinction is found for other tests. A higher opening position and a larger opening height provide better flow exchange between the deck and the ambient, but this effect is only obvious for 4% opening. Numerical study shows that Fire Dynamic Simulator used with default simple settings underestimates the fire development and yields an early extinction when fire self-extinction occurs. For freely developed fire with large openings, FDS gives more close results to experiments.
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| 5. |
- Leroux, Jerome, et al.
(författare)
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FIRESAFE II Containment and Evacuation
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fire and smoke containment are well known issues during fires in ro-ro spaces, especially in case of uncontrolled fires. Similarly, in some accidents, evacuation systems remained inoperative due to the heat and flames coming through the openings of the ro-ro spaces.This report presents a Formal Safety Assessment on containment and on evacuation following a ro-ro space fire incident on any ro-ro passenger ship.The safety level was estimated for three generic ships representing the world fleet of RoPax ships (Cargo, Standard and Ferry RoPax) and a cost-effectiveness assessment was performed on three Risk Control Options (RCOs), taking into account potential differences between newbuildings and existing ships.From a containment perspective, the RCO Fire monitors on weather decks was found cost-effective for newbuildings and existing ships of the three ship categories.From an evacuation outlook, a safe distance was estimated to ensure the protection of stowage areas, embarkation stations and evacuation routes, and LSA failure due to heat and smoke following a fire in a ro-ro space. Several design solutions were investigated and cost-effective solutions were found for the Standard RoPax and Ferry RoPax.
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| 6. |
- Leroux, Jerome, et al.
(författare)
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FIRESAFE II Detection and Decision
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Early detection of fire and quick activation of the fire extinguishing system are often considered as the main keys to successful fire management, allowing to prevent loss of life and damage to the ship and cargo.This report presents a Formal Safety Assessment on detection and on decision of extinguishing system activation following a ro-ro space fire incident on any ro-ro passenger ship.The safety level was estimated for three generic ships representing the world fleet of RoPax ships (Cargo, Standard, and Ferry RoPax) and a cost-effectiveness assessment was performed on six Risk Control Options (RCO), taking into account potential differences between newbuildings and existing ships.From a detection perspective, only the RCO Combined smoke and heat detection was found cost-effective for Standard and Ferry newbuildings (but not for existing ships).From a decision perspective, the RCO Improved markings/signage for way-finding and localisation and Alarm System Design & Integration met the cost-effectiveness criteria on all three generic ships, except for the Existing Cargo RoPax ships for the latter RCO. The RCO Preconditions for Early Activation of Drencher System was found cost-effective for Standard and Ferry RoPax ships.
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| 7. |
- Mindykowski, Pierrick, et al.
(författare)
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A simple correlation for monitoring the ignition propensity of wet nordic spruce wood
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 107, s. 186-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A combination of cone heater experiments and asymptotic analysis was used to determine the moisture content of Nordic spruce with varying degree of drying. The fuel moisture content was measured by weighing the specimens before and after a drying procedure in an oven. A high-flux asymptotic solution from an integral model established that the ignition temperature from the experiments (directly linked to the intercept heat flux) was constant for both the dry and the moist wood. As a result, one simple equation was developed that can be used to determine the time to ignition for a piece of wet spruce from the time to ignition of dry wood. This simple correlation, combined with models giving the fuel moisture content of wood from humidity and temperature of air surrounding, can be used as an engineering equation for monitoring the ignition propensity of timber.
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| 8. |
- Mindykowski, Pierrick, et al.
(författare)
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Fire Safety Engineering for Innovative and Sustainable Building Solutions
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Nordic fire safety engineering project for innovative and sustainable building solutions, funded by Nordic Innovation, SBUF (the Swedish construction industry's organisation for research and development) and DIBK (the Norwegian National Office of Building Technology and Administration), started in June 2014 and ended in August 2017. The aim of this project was the production of practical specifications on two areas within fire safety engineering:Standard on Probabilistic Method to Verify Fire Safety Design in BuildingsStandard on Control in the Building ProcessWhat has been developed is tailored for the Nordic context which is a region that has used fire safety engineering for a relatively long time. This project supported Nordic harmonization of fire safety which in the end may facilitate trade of services and products.Furthermore, and in order to cover the Nordic context, all Nordic countries have been represented by at least one project partz§ner. The following table shows all the partners as well as their country of origin.
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| 9. |
- Mindykowski, Pierrick, et al.
(författare)
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FIRESAFE II Detection systems in open ro-ro and weather decks
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the main issues with regard to fire safety of open ro-ro spaces and weather decks is that detection systems may not be as efficient as in closed ro-ro spaces. Several recent total losses of ro-ro ships have stressed the need for investigating more efficient fire detection solutions.This study evaluated available and emerging fire detection technologies for use in open ro-ro spaces and on weather decks. A review of relevant regulations was performed as well as an evaluation of the expected efficiency of the identified alternative detection technologies, considering detection time and sensitivity to weather conditions, loading conditions and deck configuration, as well as cost.Fibre optic linear heat detection and thermal imaging camera detection were selected for fire tests in open ro-ro space and on weather deck, respectively, onboard a commercial RoPax vessel. Both systems were found functional and suitable for the relevant ro-ro space environments. The risk reduction potentials of the systems were quantified and a cost-effectiveness assessment was performed. Thermal imaging camera detection was found cost-effective for all types of RoPax (Existing ships and Newbuildings), and fibre optic linear heat detection system was found cost-effective for Standard and Ferry RoPax (Existing ships and Newbuildings).
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| 10. |
- Mindykowski, Pierrick
(författare)
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RoBound – Ro-ro space boundary fire protection – Fire integrity between ro-ro space and accommodation space
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The International Maritime Organization, through its correspondence group on fire safety, has underlined the need for more scientific studies regarding the performance of A-60 boundaries in case of a ro-ro space fire, especially to prevent fire spread to accommodation spaces. RISE has carried out the RoBound project in order to answer to this need. The goal of the project was to clarify the performance of “state-of-the-art” fire boundaries between ro-ro spaces and accommodation spaces or other ro-ro spaces, and to give recommendations on how sufficient fire containment is ensured.In order to obtain realistic exposure reached during a fire within a ro-ro space, simulations were performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (Fire Dynamics Simulator).The first step was to model representative ro-ro spaces as well as representative cargo. Two representative ro-ro spaces were then defined: closed and open ro-ro spaces with open ends. Concerning the cargo, the ro-ro spaces were assumed fully loaded with trucks or fully loaded with cars. Moreover, two types of thermal insulation were chosen, A-60 and A-30. The highest temperature given for each simulated case was then compared with time-temperature curves for designing fire safety.Almost all comparisons showed that the hydrocarbon time-temperature curve fits better to the highest temperature reached in the simulations. The hydrocarbon time-temperature curve is more severe than the standard (cellulosic) time-temperature curve according to ISO 834, used for type approval of thermal insulation. Experimental tests were then carried out to observe the performance of A class insulation when exposed to the more representative hydrocarbon time-temperature curve in a cubic furnace. The fire insulations were mounted on steel plates with different thicknesses (5 mm, 6 mm and 12 mm).Tests results showed a significantly reduced fire integrity when exposed to the hydrocarbon time-temperature curve, meaning that it took less time to reach the maximum temperature elevations required by the FTP Code (140 °C for the average temperature elevation and 180 °C for the highest temperature elevation). The reduction was about 50%, depending on the thickness of the steel plate. These results apply for stone wool. Glass wool fire insulation was also used in the tests but it was deteriorated when exposed to the high heat exposure in accordance with the hydrocarbon time-temperature curve.
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