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- Fimbo, AM, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence and Correlates of Lymphatic Filariasis Infection and Its Morbidity Following Mass Ivermectin and Albendazole Administration in Mkinga District, North-Eastern Tanzania
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical medicine. - : MDPI AG. - 2077-0383. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease targeted for elimination as public health problem through morbidity management and preventive annual mass drug administration (MDA). This cross-sectional community-based surveillance assessed the prevalence and correlates of LF infection in Mkinga district, Tanga-region, Tanzania. A total of 4115 individuals (49.7% males, 35.2% children) were screened for circulating filarial antigens (CFA), microfilaremia (mf) and disease manifestations in 15 villages between November 2018 and January 2019. MDA uptake in the previous year was assessed. Overall prevalence of CFA-positivity was 5.8% (239/4115; 95% CI: 5.1–6.6), with significant heterogeneity between villages (range 1.2% to 13.5%). CFA-positivity was higher in males (8.8%) than females (3.3%), and correlated with increasing age (p < 0.001). Prevalence of mf among CFA-positives was 5.2%. Only 60% of eligible inhabitants in the study area took MDA in the previous year, and CFA-positivity was 2-fold higher in those who missed MDA (p < 0.0001). Prevalence of scrotal enlargement, hydrocele, arms or legs swelling, lymphoedema and lymphadenopathy was 6.4%, 3.7%, 1.35%, 1.2% and 0.32%, respectively. Compared to baseline data, 16 years of MDA intervention significantly reduced LF transmission and morbidity, although the intended elimination target of <1% mf and <2% antigenemia to level where recrudescence is unlikely to occur by the year 2020 may not be attained. The finding of hotspots with ongoing transmission calls for intensified control measures.
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- Kitabi, EN, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term efavirenz pharmacokinetics is comparable between Tanzanian HIV and HIV/Tuberculosis patients with the same CYP2B6*6 genotype
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 8:1, s. 16316-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The impact of anti-tuberculosis co-treatment on efavirenz (EFV) exposure is still uncertain as contradictory reports exist, and the relevance of CYP2B6*6 genetic polymorphism on efavirenz clearance while on-and-off anti-tuberculosis co-treatment is not well investigated. We investigated the determinants of long-term efavirenz pharmacokinetics by enrolling HIV (n = 20) and HIV/Tuberculosis (n = 36) subjects undergoing efavirenz and efavirenz/rifampicin co-treatment respectively. Pharmacokinetic samplings were done 16 weeks after initiation of efavirenz-based anti-retroviral therapy and eight weeks after completion of rifampicin-based anti-tuberculosis treatment. Population pharmacokinetic modeling was used to characterize variabilities and covariates of efavirenz pharmacokinetic parameters. CYP2B6*6 genetic polymorphism but not rifampicin co-treatment was the statistically significant covariate. The estimated typical efavirenz clearance in the HIV only subjects with the CYP2B6*1/*1 genotype was 23.6 L/h/70 kg, while it was 38% and 69% lower in subjects with the CYP2B6*1/*6 and *6/*6 genotypes, respectively. Among subjects with the same CYP2B6 genotypes, efavirenz clearances were comparable between HIV and HIV/Tuberculosis subjects. Typical efavirenz clearances before and after completion of anti-tuberculosis therapy were comparable. In conclusion, after 16 weeks of treatment, efavirenz clearance is comparable between HIV and HIV/Tuberculosis patients with the same CYP2B6 genotype. CYP2B6 genotyping but not anti-tuberculosis co-treatment should guide efavirenz dosing to optimize treatment outcomes.
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- Minzi, OMS, et al.
(författare)
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Existence of antimalarial formulations with low bioavailability in Tanzania
- 2006
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Ingår i: Tropical doctor. - : SAGE Publications. - 0049-4755 .- 1758-1133. ; 36:2, s. 93-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this work was to assess the relative bioavailability of two tablet formulations containing sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) and marketed in Tanzania. Twelve healthy volunteers were randomized to receive a single oral dose of three SP tablets each containing 500 mg sulfadoxine (SDX) and 25 mg pyrimethamine (PYR) in a form of either A (a locally manufactured SP tablet formulation, manufactured by a local pharmaceutical industry in Tanzania) or B (Fansidar®, Hoffmann La Roche, Basel, Switzerland, an innovator's SP) after an overnight fasting. Serial blood samples (100 μL) were collected from a finger prick in duplicate up to 10 days and dried on Whatman® filter paper. The samples were assayed for SDX and PYR using high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters of SDX and PYR were estimated by single compartment method. The pharmacokinetics of formulation A - maximum plasma concentration, the areas under the plasma concentration - time curve and the relative bioavailability (A versus B) were significantly lower than those of formulation B ( P<0.1). These observed differences indicate bioinequivalence between the two products.
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