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- Mispelaere, Jan, 1965-
(författare)
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Guldmynt eller äpple : Straffrättsligt ansvar för barn och ungdomar i Sverige och Nederländerna 1590-1800
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The principal aim of this dissertation was to examine the character in praxis of children's and youth's criminal responsibility in two particular European regions during the early modern period that, in comparison with each other, were marked by a number of substantial societal differences. The regions selected were the densely populated, market-oriented coastal district of the Netherlands and the sparsely populated agricultural society in Sweden during the period 1590-1800.Since there were substantial economic and social differences between the Netherlands and Sweden during the 1600s in such areas as the development of salaried work, urbanization, and the structure and character of the household, it was reasonable to imagine that the present investigation would reveal, among other things, that there were marked differences in views concerning children and youth as well. Upon the basis of what was written concerning the application of extenuating circumstances in respect to children, along with what was known about views concerning children in older legislation, previous research has emphasized that there were a considerable number of similarities within European legal praxis during the early modern period.In conclusion, one can state that early modern judges from the Netherlands and Sweden assigned criminal responsibility to children under twelve in quite similar ways, while the differences between them in this regard primarily concerned how youths were treated. There was roughly the same attitude concerning children throughout the period 1590-1799 in both regions, but the view concerning the criminal responsibility of teenagers was different in the Netherlands until the first half of the 1700s. Views concerning their criminal responsibility were quite clearly influenced by such factors as gender, competence, and age, but the effect of social changes was to a much greater degree visible in praxis for them than it was in respect to children under twelve. Different societies placed different demands on youths, and this was expressed above all in the age level for full responsibility and the application of adult punishment.The most striking differences between the Netherlands and Sweden concerned the application of age limits for full responsibility, the responsibility borne by youths who had been enticed into committing crimes, and the manner in which the law viewed the responsibility of boys and girls when the offenders were between twelve and eighteen years of age. All three of the most substantial differences thus involved the level of criminal responsibility that youths bore.
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| 2. |
- Fiebranz, Rosemarie, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Working Together
- 2016
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Ingår i: <em>Making a Living, Making a Difference</em>. - New York : Oxford University Press. - 9780190240615
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Lennersand, Marie, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender, Work, and the Fiscal-Military State
- 2017
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Ingår i: Making a Living, Making a Difference. - New York : Oxford University Press. - 9780190240615
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In contrast to the early twentieth century, when marriage could set an end to women’s working lives, early modern society was based on the fundamental necessity of married women’s work. This chapter looks at one part of the labor market where this was particularly salient: state service. The new states of Europe created a market in male labor and new career opportunities for men. States were, however, just as dependent on women’s work, both for their households and directly for the state. Looking at men’s and women’s work in four state-run sectors (the customs administration, the army, large-scale production units, and midwifery), this chapter explores the ways in which state formation, commercialization, and people’s everyday lives were entangled.
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| 4. |
- Lindström, Jonas, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Vad fick 1600-talets arbetare i lön?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Historisk Tidskrift. - Stockholm : Svenska historiska föreningen. - 0345-469X .- 2002-4827. ; 135:3, s. 432-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I vilken utsträckning fick tjänstefolk, tillfälliga arbetare, bruksarbetare och byggnadsarbetareunder 1600-talet ut sina nominella löner i pengar? I vilken mån fickde varor eller någonting annat? Utifrån brev, domböcker och räkenskaper från treolika arbetsplatser i 1600-talets Sverige visar uppsatsen att skillnaderna var stora,också på individnivå. Lönerna var inte enhetliga eller traditionsbundna, utanflexibla och förhandlingsbara.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Mispelaere, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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En plats att leva på : Geografisk rörlighet och social position i det gamla bondesamhället
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scandia. - 0036-5483. ; 81:2, s. 71-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A place to live: Geographical mobility and social positionin an early modern peasant societyIn recent years, the literature has made the case for high levels of mobilityin early modern Europe, including Sweden. These findings refute the traditional image of the early modern peasant society as static. Still, there were people who never moved, and lived their whole lives where they were born. By asking questions about who moved and who did not, we are ableto shed new light on living conditions and the social community in early modern peasant society.Using two unique visitation registers as well as other sources from late seventeenth-century Västmanland, we have analysed the mobility of men, women, and children from different social strata. We find that in the parish Björskog, in the fertile lowlands of the Mälaren valley in central Sweden, most people did not live where they had been born, and in the parish Gunnilbo, a rural society dominated by the mining industry, half the population had moved on to a new area within a five-year period. Thus, there were more people looking out for new places to live than there were people who never moved.An important finding from our study is that geographical mobilityvaried with social status and land rights. Access to land and other earning opportunities was decisive in determining people’s behaviour. Depending on social class, gender, and age, these factors varied significantly, and with them geographical mobility. While the pattern of sons inheriting farms from their fathers may have been true of certain propertied and perhaps more influential and visible peasants, early modern peasant society was far more varied than this. There were the landless, servants, civil servants,women, etcetera. The result—high but uneven mobility rates—raises the question of belonging. Who was part of the local community, and under what circumstances?
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Mispelaere, Jan, 1965-
(författare)
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När det så stor varder att det något kan göra : om barns och ungdomars arbete i det tidigmoderna Sverige
- 2013
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Ingår i: Historisk Tidskrift. - Stockholm : Svenska historiska föreningen. - 0345-469X .- 2002-4827. ; 133:1, s. 3-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indispensable help: Child and teenage labour in early modern SwedenIn the older literature, the work performed by children and teenagers in early modern Sweden is often associated with a specific type of simple tasks carried out within the household, particularly undervalued domestic work such as running errands and taking care of livestock. Newer evidence suggests that what seems to be a range of less important tasks were not only of substantial importance to the economy of the household, but were also of great importance to the economy as a whole. This article focuses primarily on young people's work: what they did and at what age. The aim is also to study the division of labour between the sexes or the absence of such a division among young people. Previous research on early modern labour has sometimes emphasized that men's and women's work was undertaken in two different spheres in accordance with a widespread gendered division of labour. New research has underlined that factors such as status, poverty and work force shortages meant that the relatively strict boundaries between male and female spheres were abandoned. An important element that also affected the division of labour was age. According to Orvar Lofgren, separation into a male and female sphere did not exist for children to the same extent as it did for adults. The study shows that the labour of children and young teenagers of both sexes was regularly carried out at great distances from their homes and over extensive areas. It appears that girls were not more limited by the boundaries of the domestic sphere than boys were. A distinct gendered division of labour therefore did not exist for children and young teenagers. Age not only defined what type of work early modern people were expected to do, in some cases age eliminated other factors which were determinative for what was considered to be typically female and male behaviour. Being neither a permanent or stable workforce, the effect of child and teenage work at home as well as on the local labour market was obvious. The use of a young labour force worked like a domino effect. By working, children saved their parents, older siblings, relatives, neighbours and employers much time. The domino effect of their efforts was enormous. Parents with small children could do certain things that had been impossible without this help, older youths could instead help adults with heavier work and corvee, and employers could do their own business, maintain social contacts, visit marketplaces and perform work that could only be managed by one or more adults.
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