| 1. |
- Bengtsson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
ARISTOCRATIC WEALTH AND INEQUALITY IN A CHANGING SOCIETY: SWEDEN, 1750–1900
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of History. - : Routledge. - 0346-8755. ; 44:1, s. 27-52
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of the European nobility and their ability to retain their political and economic power are part of the debate on the modernization of Europe’s economy. This paper contributes to the literature by exploring the wealth of the Swedish nobility as the country evolved from an agrarian to an industrial economy. We use a sample of 200+ probate inventories of nobles for each of the benchmark years 1750, 1800, 1850 and 1900. We show that the nobility, less than 0.5 per cent of the population, was markedly dominant in 1750: the average noble was 60 times richer than the average person, and the nobles held 29 per cent of all private wealth. 90 per cent of the nobles were richer than the average person. By 1900 the advantage of the nobles’ wealth had declined; the group held only 5 per cent of total private wealth. At the same time, stratification within the nobility had increased dramatically. One group of super-rich Swedish nobles, often large land owners from the high nobility, possessed the biggest fortunes, but a large minority of nobles were no richer than the average Swede.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bengtsson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Wealth inequality in Sweden, 1750–1900†
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Economic history review. - 0013-0117. ; 71, s. 772-794
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the evolution of wealth inequality in Sweden from 1750 to 1900, contributing both to the debate on early modern and modern inequality and to the general debate on the pattern of inequality during industrialization. The pre-industrial period (1750–1850) is for the first time examined for Sweden at the national level. The study uses a random sample of probate inventories from urban and rural areas across the country, adjusted for age and social class. Estimates are provided for the years 1750, 1800, 1850, and 1900. The results show a gradual growth in inequality as early as the mid-eighteenth century, with the sharpest rise in the late nineteenth century. Whereas the early growth in inequality was connected to changes in the countryside and in agriculture, the later growth was related to industrialization encompassing both compositional effects and strong wealth accumulation among the richest. The level of inequality in Sweden in 1750 was lower than for other western European countries, but by 1900 Sweden was just as unequal.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ciccarelli, Carlo, et al.
(författare)
-
The fall and rise of business cycle co-movements in Imperial Austria’s regions
- 2018
-
Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer. - 0570-1864. ; 60:1, s. 171-193
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates regional business cycle co-movements in Austria–Hungary from 1867 to 1913. Economic theory suggests that rising market integration induces sectoral specialisation, resulting in a reduction in the correlation of regional GDP cycles (Krugman effect). However, the synchronisation of business cycles is expected to increase because of the growing inter-linkages among regions led by the adoption of common currency and common economic policies (Frankel and Rose effect). We show that in the case of nineteenth-century Austria–Hungary the specialisation effect, most likely amplified by the stock market crisis of 1873, prevailed during 1867–1890, while the common currency/policy effect prevailed during 1890–1913, when the gold standard was adopted in both Austria and Hungary. However, core and peripheral regions contributed differently to the correlation of business fluctuations.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
Between Malthus and the industrial take-off: regional inequality in Sweden, 1571–1850
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Economic history review. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0013-0117. ; 73:2, s. 431-454
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The causes and extent of regional inequality in the process of economic growth are at the core of historical economic research. So far, much attention has been devoted to studying the role of industrialization in driving regional divergence. However, empirical studies on relatively unequal countries such as Italy and Spain show that inequality was already high at the outset of modern industrialization. Using new estimates of Swedish regional GDP, this article looks for the first time at regional inequality in a pre-industrial European economy. Its findings show that inequality increased dramatically between 1571 and 1750 and stayed high until the mid-nineteenth century. This result refutes the classical view that the industrial take-off was the main driver of regional divergence. Decomposing the Theil index for GDP per worker, we find that the bulk of inequality from 1750 onwards was driven by structural differences across sectors rather than different regional productivity within sectors. We show that counties with higher agricultural productivity followed a classic Malthusian pattern when experiencing technological advancement, while those with higher industrial productivity did not. We suggest that institutional factors, such as the creation of the Swedish Empire, Stockholm's trading rights, and a protective industrial policy, amplified this exceptional pattern.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Enflo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
-
Regional GDP estimates for Sweden, 1571–18501
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Historical Methods. - 0161-5440 .- 1940-1906. ; 51, s. 115-137
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides regional GDP estimates for the 24 Swedish regions (NUTS-3) for the benchmark year 1571 and for 11 ten-year benchmarks for the period 1750–1850. The 1571 estimates are based on tax sources and agricultural statistics. The 1750–1850 estimates are produced following the widely used methodology by Geary and Stark (2002): labour force figures from population censuses at regional level are used to allocate to regions the national estimates of agriculture, industry and services while wages are used to correct for productivity differentials. By connecting our series to the existing ones by Enflo, Henning, and Schön (2014) for the period 1860–2010, we are able to produce the longest set of regional GDP series to date for any single country.
|
|
| 8. |
- Felice, E, et al.
(författare)
-
The provincial labour force in services in Italy: estimates from the population censuses, 1871-1911
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Rivista di Storia Economica. - 0393-3415. ; 21:3, s. 239-295
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides labour force estimates in the tertiary sector for the years 1871, 1881, 1901 and 1911 for 69 Italian provinces (NUTS-3) at historical borders. Our estimates are entirely based on population censuses that are here reclassified in order to obtain consistent sectors throughout the whole period. We present figures by gender for nine broad sectors: Commerce, Communication, Credit, Public Administration, Army, Transport, Housekeeping, Worship and Other. We then discuss the main trends of the series and provide suggestions for future research.
|
|
| 9. |
- Missiaia, Anna, 1983
(författare)
-
Market versus endowment: explaining early industrial location in Italy (1871–1911)
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Cliometrica. - : Springer. - 1863-2505 .- 1863-2513. ; 13:1, s. 127-161
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article aims to explain the location of the manufacturing industries in Italy in the period 1871–1911. The analytical framework takes into account of two competing theories on the determinants of the location of economic activity: the Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) theory on factor endowments and the new economic geography (NEG) theory on access to markets. The methodology used here is based on Midelfart-Knarvik et al. (The location of European industry, European Economy Economic Papers 142. European Commission, 2000) and has seen several historical applications. The location of industries is explained through interactions between characteristics of the regions and characteristics of the sectors, of both H–O type and NEG type. The main finding is that endowments, and in particular energy and human capital, were the determinants of the geography of the first Italian industrialization. Market access, at this point of industrialization, mattered only in its domestic formulation and only through economies of scale.
|
|
| 10. |
- Missiaia, Anna, 1983
(författare)
-
Old patterns die hard: Regional long-term aspects of Italy’s industrialization
- 2020
-
Ingår i: An Economic History of Regional Industrialization. - 9780367197520 ; , s. 101-124
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The regional dimension is fundamental to a study of the economic history of Italy. In particular, the forging ahead of the industrial Northwestern regions of the country since the nineteenth century and the consolidation of the “Italian economic dualism” between north and south in the twentieth century have attracted the attention of scholars. This chapter looks at the development over two centuries of the industrial sector in the NUTS-2 Italian regions. We explore what elements influenced the early location of industries in the period leading up to World War I and how the unbalanced industrial geography has largely persisted ever since. The chapter reviews the main contributions to this area, both quantitative and qualitative, and proposes an interpretative model, based on the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of factor endowment and on the new economic geography theory of market access, to explain the location of Italy’s industrial sectors between 1871 and 2001.
|
|
