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- Ikawa, Takahiro, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical comparison of an electric-powered ionic toothbrush and a manual toothbrush in plaque reduction : A randomized clinical trial
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Dental Hygiene. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1601-5029 .- 1601-5037. ; 19:1, s. 93-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the plaque removal efficacy of a newly-developed electric-powered ionic toothbrush vs. a manual toothbrush.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Manual or electric-powered ionic toothbrushes were randomly assigned to 30 healthy volunteers divided into two groups (Phase I). After 2-minutes of brushing, all teeth surfaces were stained with a plaque staining solution, and blinded examiners performed scoring using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index. Plaque removal rate was calculated at the central incisors, first premolar, and first molar, as representative teeth, in the maxilla and mandibula. One week following Phase I, the same examinations were repeated in all subjects using another toothbrush (Phase II), as a cross-over design.RESULTS: Electric ionic toothbrushes demonstrated a significantly higher plaque removal rate than manual toothbrushes in the premolar and molar areas (p < 0.05). However, in the central incisor area, no statistically significant difference was observed.CONCLUSIONS: Compared to manual toothbrushes, electric-powered ionic ones were significantly efficient in removing plaque in the premolar and molar areas.
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| 2. |
- Krishnan, Krishnamoorthy, et al.
(författare)
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The role of wingbeat frequency and amplitude in flight power
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of the Royal Society Interface. - : The Royal Society. - 1742-5689 .- 1742-5662. ; 19:193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mounted accelerometers provide a new prospect for estimating power use in flying birds, as the signal varies with the two major kinematic determinants of aerodynamic power: wingbeat frequency and amplitude. Yet wingbeat frequency is sometimes used as a proxy for power output in isolation. There is, therefore, a need to understand which kinematic parameter birds vary and whether this is predicted by flight mode (e.g. accelerating, ascending/descending flight), speed or morphology. We investigate this using high-frequency acceleration data from (i) 14 species flying in the wild, (ii) two species flying in controlled conditions in a wind tunnel and (iii) a review of experimental and field studies. While wingbeat frequency and amplitude were positively correlated, R 2 values were generally low, supporting the idea that parameters can vary independently. Indeed, birds were more likely to modulate wingbeat amplitude for more energy-demanding flight modes, including climbing and take-off. Nonetheless, the striking variability, even within species and flight types, highlights the complexity of describing the kinematic relationships, which appear sensitive to both the biological and physical context. Notwithstanding this, acceleration metrics that incorporate both kinematic parameters should be more robust proxies for power than wingbeat frequency alone.
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