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- Aria, S., et al.
(författare)
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GLINT Gravitational-wave laser INterferometry triangle
- 2017
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Ingår i: Experimental Astronomy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0922-6435 .- 1572-9508. ; 44:2, s. 181-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When the universe was roughly one billion years old, supermassive black holes (10(3)-10(6) solar masses) already existed. The occurrence of supermassive black holes on such short time scales are poorly understood in terms of their physical or evolutionary processes. Our current understanding is limited by the lack of observational data due the limits of electromagnetic radiation. Gravitational waves as predicted by the theory of general relativity have provided us with the means to probe deeper into the history of the universe. During the ESA Alpach Summer School of 2015, a group of science and engineering students devised GLINT (Gravitational-wave Laser INterferometry Triangle), a space mission concept capable of measuring gravitational waves emitted by black holes that have formed at the early periods after the big bang. Morespecifically at redshifts of 15
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| 2. |
- McCormick, S. D., et al.
(författare)
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Endocrine disruption of parr-smolt transformation and seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon by 4-nonylphenol and 17 beta-estradiol
- 2005
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Ingår i: General and Comparative Endocrinology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-6480. ; 142:3, s. 280-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex steroids are known to interfere with the parr-smolt transformation of anadromous salmonids, and environmental estrogens such as nonylphenol have recently been implicated in reduced returns of Atlantic salmon in the wild. To determine the endocrine pathways by which estrogenic compounds affect smolt development and seawater tolerance, groups of juvenile Atlantic salmon were injected with one of five doses (0.5, 2, 10, 40 or 150 mu g g(-1)) of branched 4-nonylphenol (NP), 2 mu g g(-1) of 17 beta-estradiol (E-2), or vehicle, during the parr-smolt transformation in April, and the treatment was repeated 4, 8, and 11 days after the first injection. Plasma was obtained for biochemical analysis 7 and 14 days after initiation of treatment. After 14 days of treatment, additional fish from each treatment group were exposed to seawater for 24 h to assess salinity tolerance. The E, treatment and the highest NP dose resulted in lower salinity tolerance and decreased plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels, along with elevated levels of plasma vitellogenin and total calcium. Plasma growth hormone levels were elevated at intermediate NP doses only, and not affected by E-2. After 7 days, plasma thyroxine (T-4) levels decreased in a strong, dose-dependent manner in response to nonylphenol, but after 14 days, this suppressive effect of T-4 occurred at the highest NP dose only. Similarly, E-2 decreased plasma T-4 levels at 7, but not 14 days. Plasma 3,3',5-triodo-L-thyronine was reduced by E-2 and the highest NP dose after 7 and 14 days of treatment. Plasma cortisol levels were not affected by any of the treatments. The results indicate that the parr-smolt transformation and salinity tolerance can be compromised by exposure to estrogenic compounds. Suppression of plasma IGF-I levels is a likely endocrine pathway for the effects of estrogenic compounds on hypo-osmoregulatory capacity, and the detrimental effects of E2 and NP on thyroid hormone levels are also likely to compromise the normal parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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