| 1. |
- Andersson, Linnea, et al.
(författare)
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Storage of Transfusion Platelet Concentrates is Associated with Complement Activation and Reduced Ability of Platelets to Respond to Protease-Activated Receptor-1 and Thromboxane A2 Receptor
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 25:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Platelet activation and the complement system are mutually dependent. Here, we investigated the effects of storage time on complement activation and platelet function in routinely produced platelet concentrates. The platelet concentrates (n = 10) were stored at 22 degrees C for seven days and assessed daily for complement and platelet activation markers. Additionally, platelet function was analyzed in terms of their responsiveness to protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and thromboxane A2 receptor (TXA(2)R) activation and their capacity to adhere to collagen. Complement activation increased over the storage period for all analyzed markers, including the C1rs/C1-INH complex (fold change (FC) = 1.9; p < 0.001), MASP-1/C1-INH complex (FC = 2.0; p < 0.001), C4c (FC = 1.8, p < 0.001), C3bc (FC = 4.0; p < 0.01), and soluble C5b-9 (FC = 1.7, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the levels of soluble platelet activation markers increased in the concentrates over the seven-day period, including neutrophil-activating peptide-2 (FC = 2.5; p < 0.0001), transforming growth factor beta 1 (FC = 1.9; p < 0.001) and platelet factor 4 (FC = 2.1; p < 0.0001). The ability of platelets to respond to activation, as measured by surface expression of CD62P and CD63, decreased by 19% and 24% (p < 0.05) for PAR-1 and 69-72% (p < 0.05) for TXA(2)R activation, respectively, on Day 7 compared to Day 1. The extent of platelet binding to collagen was not significantly impaired during storage. In conclusion, we demonstrated that complement activation increased during the storage of platelets, and this correlated with increased platelet activation and a reduced ability of the platelets to respond to, primarily, TXA(2)R activation.
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| 2. |
- Bernergård, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Evolutionary Selection against Iteratively Weakly Dominated Strategies
- 2017
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper provides sufficient conditions under which convex monotonic evolutionary dynamics (a class of imitative dynamics that includes the replicator dynamic) select against strategies that do not survive iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies. We apply these conditions to Bertrand duopolies, first-price auctions, finitely repeated Prisoner's Dilemmas, and the p-Beauty Contests. Our conditions also imply evolutionary selection against all iteratively strictly dominated strategies.
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| 3. |
- Bernergård, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Evolutionary Selection against Iteratively Weakly Dominated Strategies
- 2019
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Ingår i: Games and Economic Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-8256 .- 1090-2473. ; 117, s. 82-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides sufficient conditions under which regular payoff monotonic evolutionary dynamics (a class of imitative dynamics that includes the replicator dynamic) select against strategies that do not survive a sequence of iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies. We apply these conditions to Bertrand duopolies and first-price auctions. Our conditions also imply evolutionary selection against iteratively strictly dominated strategies.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Chavali, Pavithra Lakshminarasimhan, et al.
(författare)
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TLX activates MMP-2, promotes self-renewal of tumor spheres in neuroblastoma and correlates with poor patient survival.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cell Death & Disease. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-4889. ; 449:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nuclear orphan receptor TLX (Drosophila tailless homolog) is essential for the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cell self-renewal, but its role in neuroblastoma (NB) is not well understood. Here, we show that TLX is essential for the formation of tumor spheres in three different NB cell lines, when grown in neural stem cell media. We demonstrate that the knock down of TLX in IMR-32 cells diminishes its tumor sphere-forming capacity. In tumor spheres, TLX is coexpressed with the neural progenitor markers Nestin, CD133 and Oct-4. In addition, TLX is coexpressed with the migratory neural progenitor markers CD15 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in xenografts of primary NB cells from patients. Subsequently, we show the effect of TLX on the proliferative, invasive and migratory properties of IMR-32 cells. We attribute this to the recruitment of TLX to both MMP-2 and Oct-4 gene promoters, which resulted in the respective gene activation. In support of our findings, we found that TLX expression was high in NB patient tissues when compared with normal peripheral nervous system tissues. Further, the Kaplan-Meier estimator indicated a negative correlation between TLX expression and survival in 88 NB patients. Therefore, our results point at TLX being a crucial player in progression of NB, by promoting self-renewal of NB tumor-initiating cells and altering their migratory and invasive properties.
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| 6. |
- Duell, Dominik, et al.
(författare)
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Cooperation through collective punishment and participation
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Ingår i: Political Science Research and Methods. - 2049-8470.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We experimentally explore the role of institutions imposing collective sanctions in sustaining cooperation. In our experiment, players only observe noisy signals about individual contributions in finitely repeated public goods game with imperfect monitoring, while total output is perfectly observed as it is often the case in collective action problems in society. We consider sanctioning mechanism that allows agents to commit to collective punishment in case the level of cooperation among members of society falls short of a target. We find that cooperation is higher with collective punishment compared to both no punishment or punishment targeting individuals. Importantly, our results indicate that it is the combination of making a commitment to be punished and the collective nature of punishment which induces cooperation. Our findings show that punishing a group collectively for misbehavior of some of its members induces cooperation when individuals participate in setting up the sanctioning institution. The study contributes to the literature on institutional legitimacy and how to ensure good government performance when dealing with collective action problems, and, by considering commitment, improves enforcement methods criticized for their detrimental effects on some societal groups.
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| 7. |
- Ellingsen, Tore, et al.
(författare)
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A Model of Social Duties
- 2022
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We develop a formal model of social duties. Duties to respect entitlements (duties of justice) differ from duties to promote well-being (duties of charity). A situation- specific version of our model takes entitlements as primitives. A fully portable ver- sion derives entitlements from situational characteristics. Utility functions obtain kinks where duties of justice and charity are exactly satisfied. Actions at these kinks are candidates for descriptive social norms. Empirically, duties are identified using Krupka-Weber appropriateness ratings, with negative ratings indicating entitlement violations. The model’s predictions are confronted with established regularities and new survey evidence in seven pre-registered applications.
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| 8. |
- Ellingsen, Tore, et al.
(författare)
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Decency
- 2019
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We develop a formal theory of decency. Shared values and understandings give rise to social norms. Norms may mandate collectively optimal behavior, but they need not do so. Furthermore, behavior can be affected by social values even if it stops short of norm compliance. Seeking stronger predictions, we propose a structural model of social values; society endorses efficiency and equality, but condemns ill-gotten gains. The model implies that decent people will tend to avoid situations that encourage prosocial behavior. It also rationalizes the existence of willful ignorance, intention-based negative reciprocity, and betrayal aversion.
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| 9. |
- Ellingsen, Tore, et al.
(författare)
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Puritanical moralism may signal patience rather than cause self-control
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behavioral and Brain Sciences. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0140-525X .- 1469-1825. ; 46
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We argue that people may resist temptations not only with the aim of acquiring more self-control, but also because they want to convince others that they are patient and already possess self-control.
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| 10. |
- Fransson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Limbic justice : Amygdala drives rejection in ultimatum game
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ultimatum game is a stylized game to study decision making in which a proposer suggests how to split a sum of money either fairly or unfairly. Unfair splits are often rejected by the responder even at a personal cost. Previous research using unspecific stimulus-onsets suggests that such rejections are of cortical origin and involve a change of feeling states. Using an fMRI-design to specifically study early emotional components of decision making and a pharmacological intervention we demonstrate a causal role of the limbic system in the act of rejection. In the placebo-treated group rejection was directly linked to an increased amygdala activity and benzodiazepine treatment decreased rejection rate concomitantly with a suppressed amygdala response to unfair proposals in spite of an unchanged feeling of unfairness. Thus, we segregate the neural basis of rejections associated with the initial reactive emotional response from the slower affective processing associated with awareness.
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