| 1. |
- Bengtsson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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The economic effects of the 1920 eight-hour working day reform in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Routledge. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 65:2, s. 149-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1920, the working day in Swedish manufacturing and services was cut from 10 to 8 hours without wages being cut correspondingly. Since workers demanded and got the same daily wage working 8 hours as they had with 10, real hourly wages increased dramatically; they were about 50% higher in 1921–1922 than they had been in 1919. This is the largest wage push in Swedish history, and this paper studies the consequences for profits, investments, capital intensity and unemployment. In traded manufacturing employers responded by increasing capital intensity and did not compensate for rising wages by raising prices, which led to a combination of jobless growth and low profit rates in the 1920s. Firms in non-traded manufacturing and services could raise prices and conserve profitability to a higher degree. In total, the effects of the reform were pro-labour. We discuss the implications for our understanding of interwar wages and employment, the literature on the decrease in inequality found in most industrial countries around 1920 and the rise of the ‘Swedish model’ in the 1920s and 1930s.
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| 2. |
- Berger, Thor, et al.
(författare)
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Social Mobility in Sweden before the Welfare State
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic History. - : Cambridges Institutes Press. - 0022-0507 .- 1471-6372. ; 83:2, s. 431-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use historical census data to show that Sweden exhibited high levels of intergenerational occupational mobility several decades before the rise of the welfare state. Mobility rates were higher than in other nineteenth- and twentieth-century European countries, closer to those observed in the highly mobile nineteenth-century United States. We leverage mobility variation across Swedish municipalities to shed light on potential determinants: economic growth and migration are positively correlated with mobility, consistent with the patterns observed across countries.
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| 3. |
- Ericsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Growth and the Development of Real Wages : Swedish Construction Workers' Wages in Comparative Perspective, 1831–1900
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic History. - 0022-0507 .- 1471-6372. ; 80:3, s. 813-852
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using new and uniquely detailed data, we examine how construction workers’ wages in Sweden developed between 1831 and 1900. Wages grew rapidly from the 1850s, and comparisons with Northwestern Europe show that Swedish workers benefited more from growth than workers elsewhere. Globalization forces, most notably overseas migration, in combination with flexible and well-integrated labor markets—signified by strong regional convergence, falling skill differentials, and small urban-rural wage gaps—pushed up wages in Sweden.
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| 4. |
- Molinder, Jakob, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Arbetskostnadsandelens utveckling i Sverige
- 2013
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; :7, s. 18-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I artikeln diskuteras arbetskostnadsandelens utveckling i det privata näringslivet i Sverige under perioden 1950 till 2007. Vi drar tre huvudsakliga slutsatser: i) arbetskostnadsandelen har sjunkit markant sedan 1970-talet, ii) huruvida andelen kan anses ha fortsatt att falla sedan 1980-talet beror på om avskrivningar beaktas eller inte och iii) industrin förklarar huvuddelen av den lägre arbetskostnadsandelen. Det är svårt att säga något bestämt om vilka faktorer som har varit avgörande, men några faktorer framstår som mer troliga. Kapitalintensitetens utveckling förefaller vara den enskilt viktigaste förklaringen. Globaliseringen och lönebildningen kan också ha spelat en roll, men det tidsmässiga förloppet skapar frågetecken på den punkten.
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| 5. |
- Molinder, Jakob, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Did industrialisation lead to segregation in cities of the nineteenth century? : The case of Uppsala 1880-1900
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 68:1, s. 23-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How did industrialisation affect land use and residential patterns in cities of the nineteenth century? We use census data and GIS mapping techniques to analyse class segregation and changes to the spatial structure using the case of Uppsala, Sweden between 1880 and 1900. We find that there was a clear concentration of business activity in the central district and in proximity to the transportation hubs. Since these activities became more numerous but remained concentrated, they likely increased land values in the central areas of the city, inducing the lowest social classes to locate away from the centre. However, while these households were pushed out, it did not result in the type of class segregation we observe in many twentieth-century cities. Before the widespread use of transport technologies allowing populations to sprawl, city expansion in the type of middle-sized city that we study led instead to increased density and mixed uses in the central areas.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Molinder, Jakob, 1989-
(författare)
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How effective are mobility subsidies in targeting the unemployed? : Lessons from the Swedish Model, 1965–1975
- 2022
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Ingår i: Economic and Industrial Democracy. - : Sage Publications. - 0143-831X .- 1461-7099. ; 43:4, s. 1724-1746
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish Model on the labor market has been celebrated as a way to combine mobility with low unemployment and small wage gaps. As part of the model, relocation allowances were pioneered from the late 1950s. The program expanded thereafter and as much as 1% of the population in the high-unemployment north moved with assistance in the 1960s. Today, migration incentives are discussed to address pressing unemployment problems in Europe and the United States. What can Sweden’s experience tell us about the prospects of such programs? This article studies the usage of relocation allowances through a case study of Västernorrland County from 1965 to 1975. The analysis shows that there was a strong selection into the program by younger persons, recent graduates and from sectors with good employment prospects. The experience from Sweden highlights the difficulty of implementing programs to induce migration for those with the highest risk of unemployment.
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| 8. |
- Molinder, Jakob, 1989-
(författare)
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Implementing National Structural Change at the Local Level : The Case of Relocation Allowances in Västernorrland, 1965–1975
- 2017
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish model was built on the notion that mobility from high- to low-unemployment areas could be achieved without large wage differentials if active labor market policy was used to aid in the movements across places. While Sweden pioneered the use of relocation allowances on a large scale in the late 1950s, very little is known about the actual implementation of this program. Its role during the large out-migrations from northern Sweden during the 1960s is especially underresearched. In this essay, I study the usage of the program through a case study of Västernorrland county from 1965 to 1975. The analysis shows that in the 1960s there was a strong selection into the program by younger persons, newly examined students and from certain sectors. After 1970, there was a shift in government policy with the aim of reducing the outflow of migrants from the northern counties and to keep allowance migration within counties. Between 1970 and 1975 there was also a drop in both regular and allowance out-migration by 20 %. Within the group of allowance migrants, however, there was no change in the likelihood of staying within Västernorrland after controlling for age, sex and occupation. The share of out-migrations that took place with support from the program also remained constant at 20 %. This suggests that the decline in out-migration was probably not caused by lower mobility but was rather more likely the consequence of structural change and alterations to public policy after 1970, which improved the labor market situation in the northern counties.
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| 9. |
- Molinder, Jakob, 1989-
(författare)
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Interregional Migration, Wages and Labor Market Policy : Essays on the Swedish Model in the Postwar Period
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish model is perceived as a successful framework for combining rapid labor market adjustment with low inequality. Formulated by Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner and implemented from the 1950s, it has been associated with the peak in economic restructuring and interregional migration during the 1960s. However, there is little empirical evidence for this. This thesis consists of an introduction and four essays. It explores three aspects of the model from a long-run perspective: interregional migration, wage dispersion and labor market policy.Essay I uses new data to track interregional migration rates in the postwar period (1945-1985). The results show that the responsiveness of interregional migration to local labor market conditions remained stable over time; it was neither higher during the 1960s nor lower when migration declined after 1970.Essay II employs a regression-decomposition framework to analyze the evolution of wage dispersion. The results suggest that wage dispersion was stable from centralized bargaining’s introduction in 1956 to the late 1960s. Afterwards, there was a rapid decline, likely because of solidaristic bargaining.Essay III contrasts the implementation of the active labor market policy to regional policy. Following a decisive shift around 1970, the focus on north to south mobility was replaced with policies to stimulate northern employment. Declining rural support for the Social Democrats and electoral competition from the Center Party caused this shift.Finally, Essay IV is a case study about mobility subsidy usage in Västernorrland County using sources on relocation allowances from 1965, 1970 and 1975. The results indicate that in the 1960s there was strong selection into the program by young persons with good labor market prospects. However, the program’s use did not change after the regional policy shift in the early 1970s.The collective results suggest that the policies associated with the Swedish model were minor for economic restructuring patterns. The migrations of the 1960s and the decline in regional disruptions after 1970 should instead be explained by studying the consequences of structural changes, how regions were progressively affected differently and the possible role that government policies played in directing demand for labor across space.
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