| 1. |
- Belgrano, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping and Evaluating Marine Protected Areas and Ecosystem Services: A Transdisciplinary Delphi Forecasting Process Framework
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-701X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an important tool for management and conservation and play an increasingly recognised role in societal and human well-being. However, the assessment of MPAs often lacks a simultaneous consideration of ecological and socio-economic outcomes, and this can lead to misconceptions on the effectiveness of MPAs. In this perspective, we present a transdisciplinary approach based on the Delphi method for mapping and evaluating Marine Protected Areas for their ability to protect biodiversity while providing Ecosystem Services (ES) and related human well-being benefits – i.e., the ecosystem outputs from which people benefit. We highlight the need to include the human dimensions of marine protection in such assessments, given that the effectiveness of MPAs over time is conditional on the social, cultural and institutional contexts in which MPAs evolve. Our approach supports Ecosystem-Based Management and highlights the importance of MPAs in achieving restoration, conservation, and sustainable development objectives in relation to EU Directives such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (MSPD), and the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP).
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| 2. |
- Morf, Andrea, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Remissyttrande: Sveriges nationella havsplaner 2018
- 2018
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Havsmiljöinstitutet lämnar härmed synpunkter på dokumenten Förslag till Havsplan, Miljökonsekvensbeskrivning (MKB) samt Hållbarhetsbedömning (HB) för havsplanområdena Bottenviken, Östersjön och Västerhavet, utarbetade av Havs- och Vattenmyndigheten (HaV). Havsmiljöinstitutets (och ingående universitets) experter har tolkat sin uppgift bredare än att svara på remissfrågorna om planernas innehåll och kunskapsbas. Institutet kommenterar ur ett brett tvärvetenskapligt perspektiv följande: 1. rollen som akademin och institutet har spelat i havsplaneringen hittills, 2. kust- och havsplanerings¬systemet och processen, samt 3. dokumenten och kunskapsbasen. Här ingår förslag hur allt kunde utvecklas vidare, inklusive Institutets egen roll som länk mellan forskning och förvaltning, både på kortare och längre sikt.
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| 3. |
- Morf, Andrea, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The Road Towards Koster Sea National Park - Potentials and Challenges of Implementing Ecosystem Based and Participatory Maritime Management
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report provides results from a comprehensive analysis of the process leading towards Koster Sea national park, Sweden’s first marine national park. International pressure for participatory and ecosystem based management of marine resources is increasing (e.g. Convention of Biodiversity or EU’s Integrated Maritime Policy, Marine Strategy Directive, and ICZM-recommendations). Introducing integrative, participatory management of marine resources to a centralist, sector-based system of governance as in Sweden presents challenges. Various management experiments are under way. An interesting one combines protection and sustainable use in Sweden’s most valuable marine cold-water habitats: Koster Sea national park was inaugurated 2009 in parallel to the Norwegian park Ytre Hvaler and covers a large part of the archipelago and territorial waters in the municipalities of Tanum and Strömstad. The park makes an example for innovative marine management. The road towards it has been long and curvy. In the wake of proposals and protests, a process of community development with an integrative sustainability perspective has developed through an intensive dialogue between authorities and local stakeholders. After 30 years of recurring clashes locals and authorities agree that ecological and cultural values can be protected and used at the same time – under the condition that these uses are designed to be long-term sustainable, and evaluated and developed further in collaboration. Top-down management has met bottom-up initiative. Conservation is no more seen as a dead end by the users but as providing potential for rural development with sustainable tourism. The park’s goals include conservation, education, and sustainable use. Locals are not merely tolerated but an important part in the park's co-management structure – the steering committee Koster Sea Delegation and its working groups. Many participants are interested in analysing this process, which they call the ”Koster Sea Dialogue” in order to learn from it. The participation-process has been documented by the project “The Road Towards Koster Sea National Park”, financed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The study focused on the process, its drivers, the institutional framework, participation, stakeholders’ roles and networks, and conflict management. Methods include semi-structured interviews, observation and document analysis. An important process characteristic has been the long-term, active involvement of those living and working in the area. Local perspectives and knowledge have reached authorities to a larger extent than usual, making solutions adapted to local circumstances. Another characteristic is a linking of fisheries and local socio-economic development with conservation. The use of a rural development perspective, an evolving collaboration over years and active individuals at many levels have been important too. Researchers at the local marine research station have been important knowledge bearers and defenders of conservation but also translators and mediators in clashes between conservation and use. Other, more “usual” factors have been political interest, time, and resources. However, delegating the responsibility for a participation process to locals and letting it develop ad-hoc has its challenges. In rural areas it is important to proceed with care. Here, individuals are a main driving force – on leisure time. It cannot be expected from all to have the skills and resources for process leadership. People depend on each other and may be reluctant to confront neighbors. Conflicts easily become destructive if escalated. Locally based, ad-hoc process management allows for adaptation to local needs but is less transparent for outsiders. Continuous collaboration over years builds trust among those involved. On the flip side, an insider-elite with access to knowledge but little time to work with outreach may unintentionally be excluding others. Even if delegated to local forces, such processes require authorities’ back up with financial and other resources. The planning is concluded; implementation has just begun. Assessing the process from an adaptive co-management and ecosystem approach perspective – using criteria such as integration along various dimensions, adaptation and learning, participation, and a sustainable development perspective integrating ecological limits with socio-economic needs – the process and its institutional arrangements score relatively high. Some things need to be developed further: • A larger scale marine planning perspective including uses and environment in the surroundings. • The management system with working groups and the roles of the Delegation. • An more structured communication and participation planning and readiness for conflict management. • Monitoring effects in all three dimensions of sustainable development: ecological, social, economic. • Developing structures for organizational learning.
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| 4. |
- Morf, Andrea, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The road towards Kosterhavet national park - A model for participatory conservation planning?
- 2010
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Ingår i: NMSC - Nordic Marine Sciences Conference, September 13-16, 2010.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introducing integrative and participatory management of marine resources to an originally centralist and sector-based system of governance as in Sweden presents challenges. International pressure towards participatory and ecosystem based management, e.g. the Convention of Biodiversity and the European Union’s Integrated Maritime Policy, Marine Strategy Directive and ICZM-recommendations, are increasing. One year ago, Sweden has inaugurated its first marine national park comprising the Koster and coastal archipelago in Strömstad and Tanum municipalities. The road towards the park has been long, curvy, and bumpy. Ideas first presented more than 30 years ago met little local enthusiasm. In the end, top-down management has met bottom-up initiative; conservation is no more a "dead hand" but provides potential for rural development through sustainable tourism. Local users are not merely tolerated but an important part in the park's management structure. The park’s objectives also include educational and sustainable use-goals. Many participants have become interested to analyse what they call the ”Koster Sea Dialogue”. From a scientific perspective, the process is a highly interesting case of integrative management of coastal resource conflicts and institutional innovation in conservation. The inclusion of a rural development perspective, the development of multiple forms of collaboration over years, and active individuals on various levels seem to have been important drivers. The case connects to findings from various areas of environmental social sciences. The research is based on Ph.D.- and post-doctoral research and preliminary results from a documentation project with focus on coastal planning, participation, conflict management, and institutional change.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Bruckmeier, Karl, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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SECOA project Thematic report on the profiles of the coastal resources and their uses/users. Swedish case study areas of Gothenburg and Malmö
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SECOA European Commission THE CHALLENGE Global change, human mobility and urban growth, can be considered as the relevant elements affecting the management and development of coastal areas the world over. The increasing number of persons, houses and enterprises in urban coastal areas determines the pressure on the coastal environment, and its natural and cultural resources. There are a permanent increase in water and soil consumption; a generation of water, air and soil pollution; a waste creation; and there are increased urban carrying capacity demands. There is a competition that generates contrasts in the use of natural resources from all the stakeholders involved in the urban context, i.e. residents, commuters, tourists, and enterprises. The ever changing coastal natural environments affected by climate change are further complicating the situation, often in the direction of negative consequences. The problem is how to manage those contrasts through sustainable urban planning, consisting of environmental protection, economic development, and social cohesion. PROJECT OBJECTIVES SECOA will consider the effects of human mobility on urban settlements’ growth and restructuring in fragile environments, such as coastal areas. Whatever happens at the settlement level has consequences on natural and cultural resources. In coastal settlements every phenomenon is more concentrated and effects are more acute. The problems are also multiplied since climate change is affecting the environmental parameters. The need for controlling and reducing unwanted consequences is contributing to the creation of contrasts among stakeholders belonging to different economic sectors and social spheres. An integrated ecosystem approach incorporating social, economic and natural disciplines is essential in understanding and dealing with the complex and dynamic problems facing the coastal city environments. SECOA aims to: identify the ongoing and possible contrasts, analyze their quantitative and qualitative effects on the environment, create models to synthesize the complexity of the different social, economic and environmental systems. This reports provides an initial analysis of important social and environmental features of the two Swedish case study areas Malmö and Gothenburg
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| 7. |
- Bruckmeier, Karl, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability in Coastal Urban Environment: Thematic Profiles of Resources and Their Users in Sweden Case Study Areas Gothenburg and Malmö
- 2013
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Ingår i: Sustainability in the Coastal Urban Environment. Thematic profiles of resources and their users. A.Z.Khan, L.X.Quynh, F.Canters, E.Corijn (eds.). Sapienza Università Editrice, Vol.III.. - Italy, Rome : Sapienza Università Editrice. - 9788895814902 ; , s. 207-248
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The following information on the Swedish case studies in the metropolitan areas of Gothenburg and Malmö is provided here: an overview over natural and social resources relevant for conflicts and an overview over main resource user groups in both study areas. Environmental and resource use problems can be identified from the reports analysed, but rarely specific conflicts about resource use. In both of the metropolitan areas, natural resources and ecosystem services are the main resources leading to problems and potential conflicts, less economic and social resources. Natural resources are therefore in focus for conflict analysis in both areas. However, most resource use includes combinations of different resource types. Resource related conflicts are often multidimensional, for example, economic use of resources for purposes of production and development is in conflict with protection and maintenance of the natural resource base. The users described here are heterogeneous groups of varying size and structure. Important users include urban inhabitants and tourists as resource consumers, and among the productive sectors agriculture, fishery, industry, and energy producers.
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| 8. |
- Böhler, Tom, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing environmental conflicts in Sweden: Case studies from the Malmö and Gothenburg areas.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Conflicts in Coastal Urban Areas: Towards a Strategic Assessment Framework for Sustainable Development. A. Z. Khan, L. X. Quynh, F. Canters, E. Corijn. Sapienza Università Editrice, Vol. IV.. - Italy, Rome : Sapienza Università Editrice. - 9788898533008 ; , s. 279-318
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four conflicts of resource use have been analysed in the Swedish study areas of the SECOA-project. In the Malmö area we studied (1) a conflict about urban sprawl and settlement and (2) one about land use for nature protection, agricultural production or settlement in the surrounding of the city (Falsterbo peninsula). In the Gothenburg area we studied (3) a conflict about nature protection and economic development in the outer parts of the city (Torsviken, with similarities to the Falsterbo conflict in the Malmö area) and (4) a conflict about windpower location in the outer ring community of Kungsbacka. All four conflicts are relevant for the long-term development of the study areas, independent of solutions achieved so far. They cover important issues for natural resource management, for development, productive or consumptive resource use, conservation or protection. Dilemmas of sustainable development and climate change adaptation become visible: the environmental conflicts need to be solved on the way towards coastal and urban sustainable development. But the resolution of the conflicts is – except to some degree for the Falsterbo conflict – not yet integrated with strategies for climate adaptation and transition management for sustainability.
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| 9. |
- Böhler, Tom, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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SECOA project Synoptic report on conflicts of uses at coastal urban areas. Natioanl report Sweden
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Four conflicts have been analyzed, two in each study area: in the Malmö area a conflict about urban sprawl and settlement and one about land use for nature protection, agricultural production or settlement in the surrounding of the city (Falsterbo peninsula); in the Gothenburg area a conflict about nature protection and economic development in the outer parts of the city (Torsviken, with similarities to the Falsterbo conflict in the Malmö area) and a conflict about windpower location in the outer ring community of Kungsbacka. The comparison of the four conflicts allows for the following conclusions: -All four conflicts studied are conflicts relevant for the long-term development of the study areas – independent of the achievement of solutions so far: they cover important issues for natural resource use, for development, productive or consumptive use, conservation or protection. -Local actors are selectively, according to their articulated interests, involved in the conflicts. Also when only few local inhabitants are directly involved (as, e.g., in the windpower conflict analyzed), the conflict is an important event for the local inhabitants, as well in terms of issue attention (by media and in the public), as in terms of its significance for the future economic development of the area. -None of the conflicts identified requires urgent and short term resolution; no immediate or acute risks and dangers are included, although for the action agendas and interests of various stakeholders involved many conflicts appear as urgently and quickly requiring solutions (especially when these are defined as economic interests and connected with investments). -The duration of the conflicts is influenced or predetermined by several other components of the conflicts (e.g. whether it is a dispersed, diffuse, badly articulated conflict or the contrary to such qualities) and through prior conflicts of similar types and solutions achieved in these (e.g. whether there have been determining legal or court decisions, whether there are sufficient and clear regulations or not). Both arguments imply that duration is not an internal quality of the specific conflict, but influenced by external and context factors. Furthermore, conflicts may be long-term processes by their general nature, but shorter processes in a specific local case of such a conflict (as, e.g. the establishment of new energy sources such as windpower). The conflicts analyzed show dilemmas of sustainable development and climate change adaptation that may become more relevant in future (except the windpower conflict that is more specific, although also related to sustainable development). The coast is attractive for settlement, recreation, and in urban areas also for industrial and economic development (e.g. connected to harbours). National level priorities exercise pressure to keep the coast clear or limit certain forms of resource use. Mitigating potential effects of climate change may require resettlement and migration away from the coast (so far not enacted). However, new residents are moving into coastal areas; in the Malmö area this implies that pressure on Scania’s valuable agricultural and green hinterland increases. In the Gothenburg area this implies that within the city boundaries new forms of concentrated settlement are sought, e.g. through the use of formerly industrially or commercially used areas for housing.
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| 10. |
- Gee, Kira, et al.
(författare)
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BONUS BALTSPACE Deliverable 3.3: Addressing MSP integration challenges: The role of tools and approaches. Geesthacht.
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report discusses seven different tools and approaches to address important integration challenges in marine and coastal spatial planning and management, namely in relation to sectors and policies, boundaries, stakeholders and different types of knowledge. BONUS BALTSPACE (2015-2018) was conceived against the background of the EU MSP Directive and the need for Member States to produce marine spatial plans by 2021. MSP is an integrative concept that requires integration of sectors and stakeholders, of different types of knowledge, as well as integration across administrative borders. BALTSPACE was the first transnational, interdisciplinary MSP research project in the BSR to focus on four key integration challenges in MSP, namely policy and sector integration, multi-level and transboundary integration, stakeholder integration and knowledge integration. Work Package 3 was tasked with developing and assessing practitioner-oriented approaches and tools for MSP to help deal with the integration challenges identified (www.baltspace.eu). The capacity of seven problem- and process-specific techniques and approaches (subsequently termed tools) was assessed in different case study settings: •Bowtie •Culturally Significant Areas •Governance Baselines •Integrated Indicator System for monitoring the spatial, economic and environmental effects of MSP solutions •Marxan •Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation •Spatial Economic Benefit Analysis (SEBA) Each tool was applied once in a particular country context in a format determined by the tool user. Some applications were desktop exercises, others were more participative, although most had some form of verification by stakeholders. Tool selection reflected both the variety of available methods and the diverse range of tasks in MSP, leading to the inclusion of product- and process-oriented tools, descriptive and analytical tools, as well as data and forecasting tools. One of the tools (SEBA) was specifically developed for MSP as part of BALTSPACE. An overview of academic literature revealed that “tools” in MSP are mostly understood as technical instruments that provide decision support. To a large part, the tools described in the literature rely on scientific data and information, in line with a view of MSP as an evidence-based exercise requiring data collection and analysis as a basis for planning. There is little mention of the role of process in MSP and the learning that might result from tool-supported processes. Also, most assessments do not focus on the indirect or ‘soft’ impacts of tool use, which are often related to the persons or groups engaging with the tool – and which could have positive integration effects by and for themselves. Examples of such impacts include greater mutual understanding or an improved sense of trust, both of which could arise from improved stakeholder and knowledge integration facilitated by a tool. Integration effects may therefore manifest themselves when the tool is being used - e.g. to generate a particular output such as a map – or when the results are being fed back into the MSP process. After a short overview of the purpose of each tool and where it fits in the MSP cycle, an analytical template is set out. This breaks down the four integration challenges into a series of sub-challenges, so as to enable a comparative evaluation of the seven tools against the same set of challenges. It also sets out some more general contributions the tools could make with respect to MSP, such as contributing to the efficiency of the MSP process or to improved decision-making. The assessment is based on the retrospective evaluation of the BALTSPACE researchers and largely descriptive, focusing also on the direct outputs and indirect outcomes of tool use. Throughout, the assessment focuses on the capacity of each tool, taking account of the fact that tool use is context-dependent and that a range of external factors comes into play when it comes to the actual integration results. The assessment shows that the integration challenges most readily addressed are stakeholder and knowledge integration. Conversely, policy integration is difficult to achieve as a direct result, although some tools are well suited to analysing the existing policy landscape and potential integration gaps. Multi-level (transboundary) integration depends on the scale of tool use and is potentially achievable as all tools can be up-scaled if necessary. Some tools are also well-placed to contribute to land-sea integration. An important difference is noted between the inherent capacity of the tools and their application. Some tools are better at certain tasks than others but ultimately, it is the application that is make or break. For example, some tools (such as OS or CSA) are specifically designed to support stakeholder and knowledge integration, in the sense that they would not deliver a result without them. Other tools that are less specifically designed for this purpose can also contribute to stakeholder integration, but this then happens as a result of how the tool is applied – in this case in a participative setting. To some degree, the capacity to facilitate stakeholder and knowledge integration depends on whether a tool is process- or product-oriented or analytical or experimental. Generally, process-oriented tools, especially complex ones such as OS require active stakeholder involvement and input, but there are also product-oriented tools (such as CSA or SEBA) that rely on the integration of various stakeholders and their knowledge. Analytical tools such as Bowtie or Governance Baselines could in theory be conducted as mere desktop exercises, which would restrict their impact on knowledge integration; if applied as participatory tools they would also make an indirect contribution to stakeholder integration. The mere fact that a tool requires stakeholder involvement does not automatically lead to integration benefits, although involvement is certainly a prerequisite. Especially with respect to process-oriented tools, much depends on the skill of the tool user and the quality of the application process, including for example facilitation skills, timing and resources, also on the part of the participating stakeholders. Much also depends on the quality of the (surrounding) MSP process and whether this is capable of absorbing the benefits that may be generated from tool use. The seven tools are unable to contribute to increasing national/transnational policy coherence and resolving institutional compatibilities, and less well placed to help evaluate the consequences of planned action. Only the most comprehensive process-oriented tool (OS) is able to create a forum for deliberation. A key aspect for applying the seven BALTSPACE tools in practice is to know the precise challenge to be addressed, the capacity of the tool (its potential outcomes) including any soft benefits to be achieved, and the capacity of those using the tool (time, timing, resources). It is also important to consider which role the tool is expected to play in the MSP process: Will it be used as a free-standing, independent entity and process, feeding results into the MSP process? Will it be used as a trigger of the MSP process and “way in” or door-opener, for example to motivate stakeholders? Or is the tool to be intimately linked to the entire MSP process, effectively running large parts of it? Insights and practical tips for using the tools are provided in a separate Tools Handbook which is available for download on the BALTSPACE website (www.baltspace.eu). The website also contains short video tutorials on selected tools, as well as a briefing note and short summary of the opportunities and challenges in using tools to support integration in MSP.
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