| 1. |
- Cooke, Lynn Prince, et al.
(författare)
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Labor and Love : Wives' Employment and Divorce Risk in its Socio-Political Context
- 2013
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Ingår i: Social Politics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1072-4745 .- 1468-2893. ; 20:4, s. 482-509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We theorize how social policy affects marital stability vis-à-vis macro and micro effects of wives' employment on divorce risk in 11 Western countries. Correlations among 1990s aggregate data on marriage, divorce, and wives' employment rates, along with attitudinal and social policy information, seem to support specialization hypotheses that divorce rates are higher where more wives are employed and where policies support that employment. This is an ecological fallacy, however, because of the nature of the changes in specific countries. At the micro level, we harmonize national longitudinal data on the most recent cohort of wives marrying for the first time and find that the stabilizing effects of a gendered division of labor have ebbed. In the United States with its lack of policy support, a wife's employment still significantly increases the risk of divorce. A wife's employment has no significant effect on divorce risk in Australia, Flanders, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, wives' employment predicts a significantly lower risk of divorce when compared with wives who are out of the labor force. The results indicate that greater policy support for equality reduces and may even reverse the relative divorce risk associated with a wife's employment.
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| 2. |
- Nylin, Anna-Karin, 1984-
(författare)
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The making and breaking of families : Studies on inequalities in the face of parenthood and separation
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Becoming a parent for the first time is one of the most life-altering events individuals experience. For some, this life-altering change is also followed by the breaking of families when couples part ways in either divorce or separation. This thesis is comprised of four studies in which women and men are followed over the process of becoming parents as well as through separation from marriage and cohabitation, and is mainly centered on Sweden. Study I gives an overview of how parents’ labour earnings have developed over time in Sweden within couples. At the birth of the first child, women's contribution to the family's work income drops sharply. The study shows a small change among couples who became parents more recently, especially in those families where the woman has a high level of education. The change seems to be driven by men’s work adjustments, pointing to a small, albeit important shift towards increases in equal parenting.Study II tracks how first-time parents’ labour earnings develop in relation to separation from cohabitation and marriage. In the study, it is argued that the benefits from the economies of scale that exist when resources are pooled in one household unit cannot be accessed following a separation and that this would constitute a driving force for separating women and men to take measures that increase their labour earnings. As a side effect of the separation, earnings would thus develop better for separated parents than for coupled parents. Contrary to expectations, the results show how separating mothers’ earnings trajectories instead lag behind coupled mothers’. This is most pronounced among women who already from start has the lowest labour earnings. Among men, separating fathers are on poorer earnings trajectories already before the separation compared to coupled fathers.Study III broadens the previous argumentation to also include counterarguments about constraining factors. By comparing the situation for mothers in Sweden with that in Western Germany, where women's labour market participation is lower after childbirth, strengths and weaknesses are revealed in both countries' social policies. In Sweden, separations are followed by a negative effect on mothers' labour earnings, raising the question of what constraints single mothers face in working life. German mothers are instead pushed towards increasing their earnings. But also here, women face constraints as they never reach the same earnings levels as before having children, which Swedish mothers do. In both cases, mothers with the lowest earnings seem to face the greatest obstacles.Study IV investigates how sick leave patterns for mothers and fathers in Sweden vary over time around the separation. The study supports that both selection- and causal effects explain parents’ sick leave patterns. Clear peaks in sick leave rates during the separation year indicate a crisis effect among mothers and fathers across educational levels. Sick leave patterns following the separation show that mothers experience cumulatively growing sick leave rates compared to partnered mothers that exceed the initial peak, while fathers, especially those with primary education, have chronically higher long-term sick leave rates compared to partnered fathers.
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| 3. |
- Thielemans, Gert, et al.
(författare)
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Division of Household Labor and Relationship Dissolution in Denmark 2001-2009
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper studies how the gender division in time spent on housework is associated with relationship dissolution among Danish couples. The use of time diary information on the actual time spent on housework for both partners, leads to more precise measures than in previous studies. With Denmark being one of the most gender egalitarian societies to date, the results provide a reference point to contrast other societies against in terms of division of household labor and relationship stability. Two waves of the Danish Time Use Survey (DTUS; http://cssr.surveybanken.aau.dk/webview/) provided data on 3,434 respondents. This data was linked to information from the Danish administrative population registries to observe union dissolution. Semi-parametric Cox proportional hazard models were estimated to analyze how men’s contributions predicted dissolution risk after controlling for couple specific time-constant and time-varying covariates. The results show that unions are the most stable when men perform roughly 40% of the routine household tasks. Couples with the most unequal division of housework were the least stable. The conclusion is that even in a gender egalitarian society, women still perform most of the housework in order for relationships to be stable. Whether this is due to men being reluctant to contribute equally or women compensating for breaking traditional gender roles by performing more paid labor should be tackled by future research.
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| 4. |
- Thielemans, Gert, et al.
(författare)
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Division of Household Labor and Relationship Dissolution in Denmark 2001–2009
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Family Issues. - 0192-513X .- 1552-5481. ; 42:7, s. 1582-1606
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article studies how the gender division in time spent on housework is associated with relationship dissolution among Danish couples. The use of time diary information on the actual time spent on housework for both partners leads to more precise measures than in previous studies. Two waves of the Danish Time Use Survey provided data on 3,434 couples linked to information from the Danish administrative population registries to observe union dissolution. Late entry hazard models were estimated to analyze how men’s contributions predicted dissolution risk after controlling for couple specific time-constant and time-varying covariates. The results show a U-shaped relationship between division of household labor and union dissolution with lowest risk when men provided 40% of the time on household tasks. Couples with the most unequal division of housework were the least stable. Even in a gender egalitarian society, women still perform more of the housework for relationships to be stable.
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