| 1. |
- Tran, K. B., et al.
(författare)
-
The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10352, s. 563-591
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
|
|
| 2. |
- Ikuta, K. S., et al.
(författare)
-
Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Lancet. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10369, s. 2221-2248
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings From an estimated 13.7 million (95% UI 10.9-17.1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7.7 million deaths (5.7-10.2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13.6% (10.2-18.1) of all global deaths and 56.2% (52.1-60.1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens-Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-were responsible for 54.9% (52.9-56.9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185-285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52.2 deaths (37.4-71.5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
|
|
| 3. |
- Fullman, N., et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Lancet. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-6736. ; 391:10136, s. 2236-2271
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. Methods Drawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita. Findings In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97.1 (95% UI 95.8-98.1) in Iceland, followed by 96.6 (94.9-97.9) in Norway and 96.1 (94.5-97.3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18.6 (13.1-24.4) in the Central African Republic, 19.0 (14.3-23.7) in Somalia, and 23.4 (20.2-26.8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91.5 (89.1-936) in Beijing to 48.0 (43.4-53.2) in Tibet (a 43.5-point difference), while India saw a 30.8-point disparity, from 64.8 (59.6-68.8) in Goa to 34.0 (30.3-38.1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4.8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20.9-point to 17.0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17.2-point to 20.4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view and subsequent provision of quality health care for all populations. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
|
|
| 4. |
- Jamshidian, H., et al.
(författare)
-
Characterization and optimization of schizophyllan production from date syrup
- 2016
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. - : Elsevier. - 0141-8130 .- 1879-0003. ; 92, s. 484-493
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study demonstrates the efficient utilization of low-cost agricultural substrates, particularly date syrup, by Schizophyllum commune ATCC 38548 for schizophyllan production. Initially, one factor-at-a-time method was used to find the best carbon and nitrogen sources for schizophyllan production. Subsequently, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the level of culture medium components to maximize substrate conversion yield and schizophyllan production in submerged culture. Maximum product yield (0.12 g schizophyllan/g date syrup) and schizophyllan production (8.5 g/l) were obtained at concentrations of date syrup and corn steep liquor, inoculum size and agitation rate at 7.02 %w/v, 0.10 %w/v, 7.68 %v/v and 181 rpm, respectively. Sugar composition analysis, FTIR, NMR and molar mass determination revealed the purity and molecular properties of recovered schizophyllan produced from date syrup as glycosidic linkage analysis showed three main schizophyllan characteristic peaks arising from the 3-linked, 3,6-linked and terminal glucose residues. Finally, process economic analysis suggested that use of date syrup and corn steep liquor as nutrients would result in approximately 6-fold reduction in cost of raw materials for schizophyllan production as compared to conventional carbon and nitrogen sources such as sucrose and malt extract.
|
|
| 5. |
- Khabbazi, Mahmood Reza, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Data modeling of traceability information for manufacturing control system
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Proceedings - 2009 International Conference on Information Management and Engineering, ICIME 2009. - Kuala Lumpur : IEEE Computer Society Digital Library. - 9780769535951 ; , s. 633-637
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on data modeling for traceability in information layer of manufacturing control system. The model is able to trace all associated data throughout the product manufacturing from order to final product. Applicability of designed data-model is enhanced with traceability of associated quality data for the system dynamically. The modeling consisted of four steps, mapped successfully and integrated in one final framework. Techniques and procedures of the modeling are explained along with business relationships. Data model expression based on entity-relationships modeling is proposed. The developed model promises to handle fundamental issues of a traceability system effectively. It supports for customization and real-time control of material in flow in all quality and production operation processes. Recording deviations and assessing their impact become easier. Through enhanced visibility and dynamic store/retrieval of data, all traceability usages and applications is responded. Designed solution is initially applicable in identical lot-base traceability of material in flow cases as a reference data model.
|
|
| 6. |
- Khabbazi, Mahmood Reza, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Extending Quality Data for Lot-based Traceability System in SME
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings 2010 International Symposium on Information Technology - System Development and Application and Knowledge Society, ITSim'10. - : IEEE Computer Society Digital Library. - 9781424467181 ; , s. 1158-1163
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addressed extending quality data in lot-based traceability information system through modeling and evaluation which is purposely designed for small-to-medium size enterprise (SMEs). The solution translates the system behavior and value data arisen from traceability requirement into useful and organized computerized information system. Easy- understanding and economic approach in design and implementation meets conditions of SME environment. The designed information system through data query evaluates the functionality of quality data dynamically.
|
|
| 7. |
- Khabbazi, Mahmood Reza, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeling of traceability information system for material flow control data
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. - : INSInet Publication. - 1991-8178 .- 2309-8414. ; 4:2, s. 208-216
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on data modeling for traceability of material/work flow in informationlayer of manufacturing control system. The model is able to trace all associated data throughout theproduct manufacturing from order to final product. Dynamic data processing of Quality and Purchaseactivities are considered in data modeling as well as Order and Operation base on lots particulars. Themodeling consisted of four steps and integrated as one final model. Entity-Relationships Modeling asdata modeling methodology is proposed. The model is reengineered with Toad Data Modeler softwarein physical modeling step. The developed model promises to handle fundamental issues of atraceability system effectively. It supports for customization and real-time control of material in flowin all levels of manufacturing processes. Through enhanced visibility and dynamic store/retrieval ofdata, all traceability usages and applications is responded. Designed solution is initially applicable asreference data model in identical lot-base traceability system.
|
|
| 8. |
- Khorrami, F., et al.
(författare)
-
An up-to-date block model and strain rate map of Iran using integrated campaign-mode and permanent GPS velocities
- 2019
-
Ingår i: 27th IUGG General Assembly.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iran accommodates a large part of the ongoing Arabia-Eurasia collision deformation. Because of such active tectonics, the country suffers from intensive seismicity and frequent destructive earthquakes in different locations.To study further the crustal deformation in Iran, we processed the data collected during 10 years (2006-2015) from the Iranian Permanent GNSS Network and combined them with previously published velocity solutions from GPS survey measurements during 1997–2013. We analysed this velocity field using a continuum approach to compute a new strain rate map for this region and we designed a block model based on the main geological, morphological, and seismic structures. Comparison between both approaches suggests similar results and allow us to present the first comprehensive first order fault slip rate estimates for the whole of Iran. Our results confirm most of the results from previous geodetic studies. Moreover, we also show a trade-off between the coupling ratio of the Iranian Makran subduction interface and the kinematic of the faults north of the Makran in the Jazmurian depression. Although too scarce to accurately estimate a coupling ratio, we show that coupling higher than 0.4 on the plate interface down to a depth of 25 km will induce extension on the E-W faults in the Jazmurian region. However, the sites close to the shoreline suggest a low coupling ratio, hence the coupling on this plate interface is probably more complicated than previously described and the Iranian Makran subduction interface mechanical behaviour might be similar to that on the Hellenic subduction zone.
|
|
| 9. |
- Mahmood Reza, Khabbazi, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Lot-based traceability requirements and functionality evaluation for Small-to-medium size enterprises
- 2011
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 49:3, s. 731-746
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addressed a data modelling and functionality evaluation of traceability system requirements and its implementation for small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The major idea is to convert the data structure and system behaviour arising from traceability requirement into modelling using data modelling techniques in a user-friendly and economical way. Then, based on a case study the paper expounds the methodology by implementing the model to a computerised traceability information system. The system can manipulate operation data as well as quality data dynamically to keep the traceability information up to date and useful. The solution responds to all traceability requirements of integrity, data collecting, linking, and guarantees different types of lists and reports in the support of quick decision making with minimal human efforts.
|
|
| 10. |
- Mousavi, Arash, et al.
(författare)
-
Providing fairness to mobile workforces in an automated task allocation process : A semantic multi-agent approach
- 2012
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Applied Sciences. - : Science Publications. - 1546-9239 .- 1554-3641. ; 9:7, s. 1055-1062
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem statement: Mobile Workforces (MW) unlike computational resources of an automated system are active but not passive entities. Therefore, an automated resource allocation system that deals with MWs should assign tasks to them fairly and in a comparatively equal manner. An unfair task allocation in a group will cause dissatisfaction, which in turn demotivates MWs who are supposed to work as a team. Approach: In an automated Mobile Workforce Brokering System (MWBS) tasks are automatically assigned to MWs at Run-Time phase of the system's run. However, the environmental risks specifically risk of disconnection disrupts the task allocation process. Disconnection causes unfair task allocation when an MW must carry the next upcoming task according to a rotator work schedule, but he is disconnected. In this situation another MW has to perform the task in order to satisfy a pre-planned daily workload. Results: In this study we explore through the Run-Time phase of MWBS and explain how its underpinning ontology-driven coordination model tackles the risk of disconnection and improves the fairness in the task allocation process. Conclusion: Moreover, fairness rates in task allocation processes are compared between an existing system and MWBS and improvement in fairness rate is shown and analyzed for 4 consecutive periods (months) of the system's run
|
|
