| 1. |
- Akpalu, Wisdom, et al.
(författare)
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Can the restrictive harvest period policy conserve mopane worms in southern Africa? : A bioeconomic modelling approach
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 14:5, s. 587-600
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mopane worm, which is the caterpillar form of the Saturnid moth Imbrasia belina Westwood, is like other edible insects and caterpillars a vital source of protein in southern African countries. The worms live and graze on mopane trees, which have alternative uses. With increasing commercialization of the worm, its management, which was hitherto organized as a common property resource, has been degraded to almost open access. This paper uses a bioeconomic modelling approach to show that for some optimal allocation of the mopane forest stock, the restrictive harvest period policy advocated by community leaders may not lead to sustainable harvesting of the worm
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| 2. |
- Akpalu, Wisdom, et al.
(författare)
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Public disclosure for carbon abatement : African decision-makers in a PROPER public good experiment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Climate and Development. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1756-5529 .- 1756-5537. ; 9:6, s. 548-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- linear public good experiment adopted from Holt and Laury [1997. Classroom games: Voluntary provision of a public good. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(4), 209–215.] has been employed to investigate strategic behaviour in pollution abatement among African climate decision-makers. The experiment consisted of three groups, of which groups 2 and 3 received one and two treatments, respectively. The first treatment entailed publicly disclosing the pollution of each member of a group by placing a corresponding colour-coded card in front of each subject, while the second involved the withdrawal of the public disclosure. Group 2 received the first treatment; Group 3 received both the first and second treatments in succession. We found that the untreated group (baseline) polluted more than the two treated groups, and there was no statistically significant difference between the pollution abatement of the two treated groups. These results suggest that public disclosure potentially drives pollution abatement and that its eventual withdrawal does not obliterate abatement behaviour. We did not observe conditional cooperation but average pollution declined over time. Furthermore, individuals who thought it was unfair for Africa to reduce emissions polluted more. We also found that pollution levels differ significantly between males and females.
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| 3. |
- Baker, Erin, et al.
(författare)
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Who is marginalized in energy justice? Amplifying community leader perspectives of energy transitions in Ghana
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy Research & Social Science. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6296 .- 2214-6326. ; 73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a divide in energy access studies, between technologically-focused modeling papers in engineering and economics, and energy justice frameworks and principles grounded in social sciences. Quantitative computational models are necessary when analyzing energy, and more specifically electricity, systems, as they are technologically-complex systems that can diverge from intuitive patterns. To assure energy justice, these models must be reflective of, and informative to, a wide range of stakeholders, including households and communities alongside utilities, governments, and others. Yet, moving from a qualitative understanding of preferences to quantitative modeling is challenging. In this perspective piece, we pilot the use of the value-focused thinking framework to inform stakeholder engagement. The result is a strategic objective hierarchy that highlights the tradeoffs and the social, economic and technological factors that need to be measured in models. We apply the process in Ghana, using a survey, stakeholder workshops, and follow-up interviews to uncover key tradeoffs and stakeholder-derived objectives. We discuss three key areas that have been rarely, if ever, well-represented in energy models: (1) the relationship between the dynamics of electricity end-use and the technology and economic structure of the system; (2) explicit tradeoffs between electricity access, cost, and reliability as defined by stakeholders; and (3) the definition of new objectives, such as minimizing hazards related to theft. We conclude that this model of engagement provides an opportunity to tie together rigorous qualitative analysis and stakeholder engagement with crucial quantitative models of the electricity system.
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| 4. |
- Bashagi, A., et al.
(författare)
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What actions could boost international tourism demand for tanzania?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal for Studies in Economics and Econometrics. - 0379-6205. ; 33:2, s. 59-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tanzania recognises the potential of international tourism in accelerating socio-economic development, particularly as a supplier of foreign exchange, investment and employment. This paper investigates the factors affecting international tourism demand for Tanzania. The autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration is applied. Local tourism prices, tourist addiction, tourist income and the 2001 terror attack in the United States have significant impacts on international tourism demand for Tanzania between 1996 and 2006. The government needs to maintain macroeconomic stability, especially low inflation, if the country is to reap full economic benefits from tourism. To reduce sensitivity to local tourism prices, the tourism providers should put more efforts in diversifying tourism products away from the universally available ones. There is also a need to improve customer satisfaction to enhance tourist addiction for the Tanzanian experience. In this regard, there is a need to further train staff in the tourism industry, improve tourism infrastructure such as roads and hotels and aggressively market Tanzanian tourism products to the world
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| 5. |
- Dikgang, Johane, et al.
(författare)
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Local communities’ valuation of environmental amenities around the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in Southern Africa
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2160-6544 .- 2160-6552. ; 6:2, s. 168-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper seeks to examine how communities value a variety of drylandenvironmental amenities provided by the Kgalagadi Transfontier Parkwhere there is an interest in limiting their access, both in order to protectthe environment and in order to make it more attractive for tourists. Thisis done using a choice experiment, which targeted households in theKgalagadi area. The values placed on environmental amenities byindigenous communities are estimated using a conditional logit model, arandom parameter logit model and a random parameter logit model withinteractions. The results show that local communities would prefer gettingincreased grazing opportunities and bush food collection. This is animportant policy issue in itself, and it also ties in well with on-goingdiscussions on how to compensate (or at least attach reasonable costestimates to) losses to local communities linked to environmentalpreservation policies.
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| 6. |
- Dikgang, Johane, et al.
(författare)
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Securing benefits for local communities from international visitors to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
- 2017
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Ingår i: Tourism Economics. - : Sage Publications. - 1354-8166 .- 2044-0375. ; 23:8, s. 1553-1567
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article estimates the visitation demand function for Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) in order to determine the scope for raising fees charged to international tourists in order to fund revenue-sharing schemes for local communities. International and Southern African Development Community tourists account for approximately 25% and 2% of the total number of visitors to South African national parks, with domestic visitors making up the remaining portion. Although small, the South African international tourism market is mature and accounts for a disproportionately large share (around 42%) of net revenue. To estimate visitation demand at the KTP and three other national parks, random effects Tobit Model was used. Using the estimated elasticities, the revenue-maximizing daily conservation fee was computed to be R1 131.94 (US$144.20) for KTP, which can be compared with the R180 (US$22.93) currently charged. Furthermore, the study also demonstrated that there is a possibility of raising fees at the other three parks. Sharing conservation revenue with communities surrounding parks could demonstrate the link between ecotourism and local communities’ economic development and promote a positive view of land restitution involving national parks.
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| 7. |
- Dikgang, Johane, et al.
(författare)
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The determination of park fees in support of benefit sharing in Southern Africa
- 2017
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Ingår i: Tourism Economics. - : Sage Publications. - 1354-8166 .- 2044-0375. ; 23:6, s. 1165-1183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sharing conservation revenue with communities surrounding parks could demonstrate the link between ecotourism and local communities' economic development, promote a positive view of land restitution involving parks, help address skewed distribution of income in the vicinity of parks and act as an incentive for local communities to participate in conservation even more. This article estimates the visitation demand function for Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) in order to determine the appropriate conservation fee to charge visitors to maximize park revenue. The data were generated from contingent behaviour experiments on South African residents at KTP and three other parks deemed as either substitutes or complements for visitors to KTP. Our results suggest that there is sheer underselling of the recreational opportunity at KTP, which implies that there is room for generating extra revenue to support benefit sharing arrangements with the local communities. The conservation fees at KTP can increase by as much as 115%, thereby almost doubling current revenue after accounting for the drop in visitation which will be triggered by the increase
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Dikgang, Johane, et al.
(författare)
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The valuation of biodiversity conservation by the South African Khomani San "bushmen" community
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 84, s. 7-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The restitution of parkland to the Khomani San "bushmen" and Mier "agricultural" communities in May 2002 marked a significant shift in conservation in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and environs in South Africa. Biodiversity conservation will benefit from this land restitution only if the Khomani San, who interact with nature more than do other groups, are good environmental stewards. To assess their attitude toward biodiversity conservation, this study used the contingent valuation method to investigate the economic values the communities assign to biodiversity conservation under three land tenure arrangements in the Kgalagadi area. For each community and land tenure arrangement, there are winners and losers, but the winners benefit by more than the cost that losers suffer. The net worth for biodiversity conservation under the various land tenure regimes ranged from R928 to R3456 to R4160 for municipal land, parkland, and communal land respectively for the Khomani San, compared to R25. 600 to R57. 600 to R64. 000 for municipal land, parkland, and communal land respectively for the Mier.
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| 10. |
- Fischer, Carolyn, et al.
(författare)
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A bio-economic model of community incentives for wildlife management under CAMPFIRE
- 2011
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Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 48:2, s. 303-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper formulates a bio-economic model to analyze community incentives for wildlife management under benefit-sharing programs like the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) in Zimbabwe. Three agents influence the wildlife stock: a parks agency determines hunting quotas, outside poachers hunt illegally, and a local community may choose to protect wildlife by discouraging poaching. Wildlife generates revenues from hunting licenses and tourism; it also intrudes on local agriculture. We consider two benefit-sharing regimes: shares of wildlife tourism rents and shares of hunting licenses. Resource sharing does not necessarily improve community welfare or incentives for wildlife conservation. Results depend on the exact design of the benefit shares, the size of the benefits compared with agricultural losses, and the way in which the parks agency manages hunting quotas
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