| 1. |
- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Kato, Norihiro, et al.
(författare)
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Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 47:11, s. 1282-1293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We carried out a trans-ancestry genome-wide association and replication study of blood pressure phenotypes among up to 320,251 individuals of East Asian, European and South Asian ancestry. We find genetic variants at 12 new loci to be associated with blood pressure (P = 3.9 × 10−11 to 5.0 × 10−21). The sentinel blood pressure SNPs are enriched for association with DNA methylation at multiple nearby CpG sites, suggesting that, at some of the loci identified, DNA methylation may lie on the regulatory pathway linking sequence variation to blood pressure. The sentinel SNPs at the 12 new loci point to genes involved in vascular smooth muscle (IGFBP3, KCNK3, PDE3A and PRDM6) and renal (ARHGAP24, OSR1, SLC22A7 and TBX2) function. The new and known genetic variants predict increased left ventricular mass, circulating levels of NT-proBNP, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality (P = 0.04 to 8.6 × 10−6). Our results provide new evidence for the role of DNA methylation in blood pressure regulation.
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| 4. |
- Micah, Angela E., et al.
(författare)
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Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 398:10308, s. 1317-1343
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 5. |
- Zhu, B., et al.
(författare)
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Schottky junction effect on high performance fuel cells based on nanocomposite materials
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : Wiley. - 1614-6832 .- 1614-6840. ; 5:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel fuel cell device based on integrating the Schottky junction effect with the electrochemical principle is designed, constructed, and verified through experiments. It is found that the Schottky junction has a significant effect on the greatly enhanced device performance, and the fuel cell device incorporating the Schottky junction effect reaches a power output of 1000 mW cm-2 at 550 C.
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| 6. |
- Hu, H., et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemical study of lithiated transition metal oxide composite for single layer fuel cell
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 286, s. 388-393
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzed the effect of various semiconductors of transition metal oxides in modified lithiated NiO on the electrochemical performance of a single layer fuel cell (SLFC). A typical ionic conductor Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ (SDC) and three types of semiconductors Li0.3Ni0.6Cu0.07Sr0.03O2-δ (LNCuS), Li0.3Ni0.6Mn0.07Sr0.03O2-δ (LNMnS) and Li0.3Ni0.6Co0.07Sr0.03O2-δ (LNCoS), were the fundamental components of the SLFCs. The components were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The stability of the synthesized materials was evaluated using thermal gravity analysis (TGA). The ohmic resistances at 500 °C were 0.36, 0.48 and 0.58 Ω cm2 for 6SDC-4LNMnS, 6SDC-4LNCoS and 6SDC-4LNCuS, respectively. Among the three SLFCs, the single cell with 6SDC-4LNMnS achieves the highest power density (422 mW cm-2) but the lowest temperature stability, while the single cell with 6SDC-4LNCuS achieved the lowest power density (331 mW cm-2) but the highest temperature stability during the operation temperature.
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| 7. |
- Qiao, Z., et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemical and electrical properties of doped CeO2-ZnO composite for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 392, s. 33-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zinc oxide (ZnO) as a multi-function semiconductor is widely known for photocatalysis and electronic applications but exceptionally new in Solid State Ionics. In this study, a new semiconducting-ionic conductor is reported for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) applications by composing ZnO with an ionic conductor La/Pr co-doped CeO2 (LCP) in various mass ratios. The prepared composites acting as membranes are sandwiched between two Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05LiO2-δ (NCAL) electrodes to construct fuel cells. A remarkable maximum power output of 1055 mW cm−2 is attained along with a high open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.04 V at 550 °C by the fuel cell using an optimal composition of 7LCP-3ZnO. The electrical properties of the composites as a function of LCP/ZnO ratio are studied through EIS measurements and polarization curves. It has been found that the composite of 7LCP-3ZnO exhibits a higher ionic conductivity than other composite samples at 475–550 °C, while possessing both high electronic and ionic conduction. Our further investigation also verifies the appreciable protonic conduction in LCP-ZnO, suggesting that the developed composite is a triple O2-/H+/e− conducting material. Additionally, rectification characteristic of the best-performance cell is also measured to interpret the high OCVs and power outputs of LCP-ZnO fuel cells.
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| 8. |
- Wu, Y., et al.
(författare)
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Electrolyte-free fuel cell : Principles and crosslink research
- 2020
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Ingår i: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. - : Wiley. ; , s. 347-378
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Semiconductors and the associated methodologies applied to electrochemistry have recently grown as an emerging field in energy materials and technologies. Fuel cells have been developed in line with traditional electrochemistry employing three basic functional components: anode, electrolyte and cathode. The electrolyte is a key component to the device performance by providing an ionic charge flow pathway between the anode and cathode but preventing electron conduction. By contrast, semiconductors and the derived heterostructures with electronic (hole) conducting materials have been strongly developed with much better ionic conductors instead of a conventional ionic electrolyte for novel fuel cells. Energy band structures and alignments, band-bending and built-in-field are all important parameters in this context to accomplish the necessary fuel cell functionalities. This chapter extends widely the semiconductor-based electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies, describing their fundamentals and working principles, with an intention to advance the understanding of the semiconductors and energy bands role in electrochemical devices of energy conversion and storage, as well as applications for emerging demands, widely involving in energy applications, such as photo catalysis/water splitting; battery and solar cell etc. It provides new ideas and new solutions to the problems beyond the conventional electrochemistry and presents new inter-disciplinary approaches to develop clean energy conversion and storage technologies.
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| 9. |
- Xia, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial-grade rare-earth and perovskite oxide for high-performance electrolyte layer-free fuel cell
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 307, s. 270-279
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present work, we report a composite of industrial-grade material LaCePr-oxide (LCP) and perovskite La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) for advanced electrolyte layer-free fuel cells (EFFCs). The microstructure, morphology, and electrical properties of the LCP, LSCF, and LCP-LSCF composite were investigated and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, and EIS. Various ratios of LCP to LSCF in the composite were modulated to achieve balanced ionic and electronic conductivities. Fuel cell with an optimum ratio of 60 wt% LCP to 40 wt% LSCF reached the highest open circuit voltage (OCV) at 1.01 V and a maximum power density of 745 mW cm-2 at 575°C, also displaying a good performance stability. The high performance is attributed to the interfacial mechanisms and electrode catalytic effects. The findings from the present study promote industrial-grade rare-earth oxide as a promising new material for innovative low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LTSOFC) technology.
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