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- Kunz, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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A Case-Study on Project-Level CO2 Mitigation Costs in Industrialised Countries - The Climate Cent Foundation in Switzerland
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyse CO2 emissions reduction costs based on project data from the Climate Cent Foundation (CCF), a climate policy instrument in Switzerland. We draw four conclusions. First, for the projects investigated, the CCF on average pays AC 63/t. Due to the Kyoto Protocol, the CCF buys reductions until 2012 only. This cutoff increases reported per ton reduction costs, as the additional lifetime project costs are set in relation to reductions until 2012 only, rather than to reductions realised over the whole lifetime. Lifetime reduction costs are AC 45/t. Second, correlation between CCF?s payments and lifetime reduction costs per ton is low. Projects with low per ton reduction costs should thus be identified based on lifetime per ton reduction costs. Third, the wide range of project costs per ton observed casts doubts on the widely used identification of the merit order of reduction measures based on average per ton costs for technology types. Finally, the CCF covers only a fraction of additional reduction costs. Decisions to take reduction efforts thus depend on additional, non-observable and/or non-economic motives. Any generalisation of results has to consider that this analysis is based on prospective costs of a sub-sample of projects in Switzerland.
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- Löfgren, Åsa, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of energy efficiency on Swedish carbon dioxide emissions 1993-2004
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Observed decoupling of emissions from output on the aggregate may not only occur due to increased efficiency on sectoral level, but also in case the sectoral composition signi cantly changes from emissions intensive industries towards others, by relocation of emission intensive sectors to foreign countries, by substitution to cleaner types of energy, or by a contraction of the whole economy - all without changes in effciencies. In this paper, we undertake a decomposition analysis using the logarithmic-mean Divisia Index method (LMDI) to investigate the overall change in CO2 emissions from 1993-2004 in the Swedish business and industry sectors, and to identify the most important factors explaining this change. We find that only four sectors (agriculture; pulp and paper; basic metal; land transportation), out of the eight sectors that each contribute with more than 5% of total CO2 emissions, contributed to a decrease in CO2 emissions through increased energy efficiency. Even more striking is the result that on the aggregate level for the whole economy and summarizing over the whole period 1993-2004, a slightly positive effect of energy effciency on CO2 emissions can be identified, while changes in relative size, i.e. overall structural change, and substitution to cleaner fuels have been more important regarding reductions in aggregate emissions.
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| 5. |
- Mason, Simon A., et al.
(författare)
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Analyzing Economic Market Interactions as Conflicts:New Concepts to Assess Market-Based Policy Instruments
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Complementing market-based policy instruments with conflict analysis approaches provides a wider understanding of market situations and allows to identify minimal requirements regarding needs, power and conflict dynamics. If these are not met, a market cannot be successfully introduced or a liberalization process implemented. Conflict analysis offers a language better suited to the concerns of people negatively affected by new markets. Applying this language helps to counterbalance the predominance of economic concepts. This fosters mutual understanding and enhances the prospect for successful implementation of market-based policies. We illustrate the potential of conflict analysis with examples from water privatization and labeling.
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| 8. |
- Muller, Adrian, 1971
(författare)
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Benefits of Organic Agriculture as a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy in Developing Countries
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Organic agriculture as an adaptation strategy to climate change and variability is a concrete and promising option for adaptation in rural communities. Organic agriculture has additional potential as a mitigation strategy. This text is a short review article on this topic. Adaptation and mitigation based on organic agriculture can build on well-established practice, as organic agriculture is a sustainable livelihood strategy with decades of experience in several climate zones and under a wide range of specific local conditions. The financial requirements of organic agriculture as an adaptation or mitigation strategy are low. Further research is needed on yields in organic agriculture and its mitigation and sequestration potential. Other key critical points are information provision and institutional structures such as market access.
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| 9. |
- Muller, Adrian, 1971
(författare)
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Clarifying Poverty Decomposition
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I discuss poverty decomposition methods in the frame of integral approximation, which ultimately lies at the base of a decomposition of the temporal change of a quantity into key drivers. This offers a common framework to the different methods used in the literature, clarifies the often somewhat unclear theoretical underpinning and identifies the methodsâ?? shortcomings. In light of integral approximation, many methods actually lack a sound theoretical basis and they usually have an ad-hoc character in assigning the residual terms to the different key effects. I illustrate these claims for the Shapley-value decomposition and methods related to the Datt-Ravaillon approach and point out difficulties in axiomatic approaches to poverty decomposition. Reference to recent developments in energy and pollutant decomposition methodology could improve poverty decomposition, but ultimately, the only sound approach is to rely on integral approximation as a basis for decomposition.
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| 10. |
- Muller, Adrian, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Decoupling: Is there a Separate Contribution from Environmental Taxation
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Decoupling is a crucial topic in the analysis of sustainable development. Without decoupling, continuing and increasing economic growth in developed and developing countries would come with ever increasing environmental pressures, unavoidably destroying the carrying capacity of ecosystems with corresponding detrimental effects on the environment and societies. The prime example today is climate change. If we do not succeed in drastically decoupling greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth, the mitigation goals necessary to avoid catastrophic impacts will never be reached. Due to this importance of decoupling, it is thus essential to know how different policy instruments may support its achievement. The aim of this paper is to address the question whether there is a separate contribution from environmental taxation to decoupling and to offer researchers some guidance on how to optimally address this question.
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