| 1. |
- Murmann, Patrick
(författare)
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Eliciting Design Guidelines for Privacy Notifications in mHealth Environments
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction. - : IGI Global. - 1942-390X .- 1942-3918. ; 11:4, s. 66-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibilities of employing mobile health (mhealth) devices for the purpose of self-quantification and fitness tracking are increasing, yet few users of online mhealth services possess proven knowledge of how their personal data are processed once the data have been disclosed. Ex post transparency-enhancing tools (TETs) can provide such insight and guide users in making informed decisions with respect to intervening with the processing of their personal data. At present, however, there are no suitable guidelines that aid designers of TETs in implementing privacy notifications that reflect their recipients’ needs in terms of what they want to be notified about and the level of guidance required to audit their data effectively. Based on an analysis of gaps related to TETs, the findings of a study on privacy notification preferences, and the findings on notifications and privacy notices discussed in the literature, this paper proposes a set of guidelines for the human-centred design of privacy notifications that facilitate ex post transparency.
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| 2. |
- Murmann, Patrick
(författare)
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Eliciting Design Guidelines for Privacy Notifications in mHealth Environments
- 2021
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Ingår i: Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data. - : IGI Global. - 9781799889540 - 9781799889557 ; , s. 1909-1928
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The possibilities of employing mobile health (mhealth) devices for the purpose of self-quantification and fitness tracking are increasing; yet few users of online mhealth services possess proven knowledge of how their personal data are processed once the data have been disclosed. Ex post transparency-enhancing tools (TETs) can provide such insight and guide users in making informed decisions with respect to intervening with the processing of their personal data. At present, however, there are no suitable guidelines that aid designers of TETs in implementing privacy notifications that reflect their recipients' needs in terms of what they want to be notified about and the level of guidance required to audit their data effectively. Based on an analysis of gaps related to TETs, the findings of a study on privacy notification preferences, and the findings on notifications and privacy notices discussed in the literature, this paper proposes a set of guidelines for the human-centred design of privacy notifications that facilitate ex post transparency.
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| 3. |
- Murmann, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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From Design Requirements to Effective Privacy Notifications : Empowering mHealth Users to Make Informed Decisions
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1044-7318 .- 1532-7590. ; 37:19, s. 1823-1848
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To date, there are no satisfactory design requirements for privacy notifications, which constitute a conceptual means of informing users of online data services about how their personal data are processed and guide the decisions they make. Contextualising privacy notifications in the field of personal health tracking, we elicit a set of design requirements from the literature, implement a prototype, and conduct a qualitative, iterative lab study to evaluate the efficacy of the requirements immanent in the prototype. Our findings show that privacy notifications have the potential to facilitate usable transparency and intervenability in the ecosystem of mobile devices. The feedback obtained about the prototype lends itself to a refined set of design requirements presented in this paper. Implementing the principles of human-centred design, these requirements reflect building blocks that can help designers create usable tools that accommodate the needs of users of mobile health services.
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| 4. |
- Murmann, Patrick
(författare)
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Information at Your Fingertips : Facilitating Usable Transparency via Privacy Notifications
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The General Data Protection Regulation stipulates legal rights of transparency and intervenability. Transparency provides data subjects with insight into how their personal data have been processed, clarifying what consequences will or may arise due to the processing of their data, whereas intervenability enables them to intervene in the process. Technological artefacts, transparency-enhancing tools (TETs) serve the purpose of conveying respective information precisely and intelligibily. However, despite being a prerequisite for transparency, many TETs available today lack usability in that they do not stringently reflect the needs of their users, which raises the question as to whether individual TETs fulfil their designated purpose.The objective of this dissertation is to systematically apply principles pertaining to human-centred design to ascertain the qualities necessary to design TETs that facilitate transparency and advise means of intervenability with regard to the needs of their target audience. We classify the state of the art of usable TETs published in the literature and discuss the gaps therein. Contextualising our research in the domain of personal health tracking, we investigate to what extent customisation can help accommodate the needs of users of TETs. We introduce privacy notifications as a conceptual means to inform data subjects about facts worthy of their attention, and examine the immanent properties required to accomplish actual usability. We categorise the characteristics of privacy notifications in terms of what insight they convey, and how respective facts need to be presented to facilitate informed decision-making on the recipient's part. Based on findings obtained via quantitative and qualitative user studies, we elicit concomitant factors related to the parameterisation of privacy notifications. We present the prototypical implementation of TETs whose iterative evaluation provides us with a catalogue of design requirements that demonstrably reflect the needs of their users.
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| 5. |
- Murmann, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Reconciling the what, when and how of privacy notifications in fitness tracking scenarios
- 2021
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Ingår i: Pervasive and Mobile Computing. - : Elsevier. - 1574-1192 .- 1873-1589. ; 77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing number of fitness tracking wearables deployed worldwide poses challenges to the privacy of their users, esp. in terms of transparency. Privacy notifications facilitate transparency by providing users with situational awareness about the pro-cessing of their personal data. We present the results of two online surveys including English-speaking (n(Eng) = 154) and German-speaking (n(Ger) = 150) users of fitness track-ing devices from Europe, conducted to elicit determinants of notification settings. We found evidence for the perceived usefulness of privacy notifications, and for concordant predictors in terms of when and how users prefer to be notified about personal data processing in 12 scenarios related to fitness tracking.
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| 6. |
- Murmann, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Reconciling the What, When and How of Privacy Notifications in mHealth
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increasing number of mobile health (mhealth) devices deployed worldwide poses challenges to the privacy of their users, especially in terms of transparency. Privacy notifications constitute a conceptual means to facilitate transparency by providing users with situational awareness pertaining to the processing of their personal data. We present the results of two online surveys with cohorts consisting of English-speaking (n = 154) and German-speaking (n = 150) users of mhealth devices, conducted to elicit viable determinants of notification settings. We found quantitative evidence for the usefulness of privacy notifications, and for concordant predictors in terms of when and how users prefer to be notified about what kind of scenario. We conclude by providing tangible design guidelines for usable Transparency-Enhancing Tools (TETs) that harness privacy notifications to facilitate transparency, and that help users make informed decisions and take action in response.
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| 7. |
- Murmann, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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To Be, or Not to Be Notified : Eliciting Privacy Notification Preferences for Online mHealth Services
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Millions of people are tracking and quantifying their fitness and health, and entrust online mobile health (mhealth) services with storing and processing their sensitive personal data. Ex post transparency-enhancing tools (TETs) enable users to keep track of how their personal data are processed, and represent important building blocks to understand privacy implications and control one’s online privacy. Particularly, privacy notifications provide users of TETs with the insight necessary to make informed decision about controlling their personal data that they have disclosed previously. To investigate the notification preferences of users of online mhealth services, we conducted an online study. We analysed how notification scenarios can be grouped contextually, and how user preferences with respect to being notified relate to intervenability. Moreover, we examined to what extent ex post notification preferences correlate with privacy personas established in the context of trust in and reliability of online data services. Based on our findings, we discuss the implications for the design of usable ex post TETs.
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| 8. |
- Murmann, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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To Be, or Not to Be Notified : Eliciting Privacy Notification Preferences for Online mHealth Services
- 2019
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Ingår i: ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030223120 ; , s. 209-222
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Millions of people are tracking and quantifying their fitness and health, and entrust online mobile health (mhealth) services with storing and processing their sensitive personal data. Ex post transparency-enhancing tools (TETs) enable users to keep track of how their personal data are processed, and represent important building blocks to understand privacy implications and control one’s online privacy. Particularly, privacy notifications provide users of TETs with the insight necessary to make informed decision about controlling their personal data that they have disclosed previously. To investigate the notification preferences of users of online mhealth services, we conducted an online study. We analysed how notification scenarios can be grouped contextually, and how user preferences with respect to being notified relate to intervenability. Moreover, we examined to what extent ex post notification preferences correlate with privacy personas established in the context of trust in and reliability of online data services. Based on our findings, we discuss the implications for the design of usable ex post TETs.
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| 9. |
- Murmann, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Tools for Achieving Usable Ex Post Transparency : A Survey
- 2017
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 5, s. 22965-22991
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transparency of personal data processing is a basic privacy principle and a right that is well acknowledged by data protection legislation, such as the EU general data protection regulation (GDPR). The objective of ex post transparency enhancing tools (TETs) is to provide users with insight about what data have been processed about them and what possible consequences might arise after their data have been revealed, that is, ex post. This survey assesses the state of the art in scientific literature of the usability of ex post TETs enhancing privacy and discusses them in terms of their common features and unique characteristics. The article first defines the scope of usable transparency in terms of relevant privacy principles for providing transparency by taking the GDPR as a point of reference, and usability principles that are important for achieving transparency. These principles for usable transparency serve as a reference for classifying and assessing the surveyed TETs. The retrieval and screening process of the publications is then described, as is the process for deriving the subsequent classification of the characteristics of the TETs. The survey not only looks into what is made transparent by the TETs but also how transparency is actually achieved. A main contribution of this survey is a proposed classification that assesses the TETs based on their functionality, implementation and evaluation as described in the literature. It concludes by discussing the trends and limitations of the surveyed TETs in regard to the defined scope of usable TETs and shows possible directions of future research for addressing these gaps. This survey provides researchers and developers of privacy enhancing technologies an overview of the characteristics of state of the art ex post TETs, on which they can base their work.
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| 10. |
- Murmann, Patrick
(författare)
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Towards Usable Transparency via Individualisation
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The General Data Protection Regulation grants data subjects the legal rights of transparency and intervenability. Ex post transparency provides users of data services with insight into how their personal data have been processed, and potentially clarifies what consequences will or may arise due to the processing of their data. Technological artefacts, ex post transparency-enhancing tools (TETs) convey such information to data subjects, provided the TETs are designed to suit the predisposition of their audience. Despite being a prerequisite for transparency, however, many of the TETs available to date lack usability in that their capabilities do not reflect the needs of their final users.The objective of this thesis is therefore to systematically apply the concept of human-centred design to ascertain design principles that demonstrably lead to the implementation of a TET that facilitates ex post transparency and supports intervenability. To this end, we classify the state of the art of usable ex post TETs published in the literature and discuss the gaps therein. Contextualising our findings in the domain of fitness tracking, we investigate to what extent individualisation can help accommodate the needs of users of online mobile health services. We introduce the notion of privacy notifications as a means to inform data subjects about incidences worthy of their attention and examine how far privacy personas reflect the preferences of distinctive groups of recipients. We suggest a catalogue of design guidelines that can serve as a basis for specifying context-sensitive requirements for the implementation of a TET that leverages privacy notifications to facilitate ex post transparency, and which also serve as criteria for the evaluation of a future prototype.
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