| 1. |
- Alderotti, Giammarco, et al.
(författare)
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Natives' and migrants' employment uncertainty and childbearing during the great recession : a comparison between Italy and Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Societies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6696 .- 1469-8307. ; 25:4, s. 539-573
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study contributes to the empirical research on the fertility decline registered in Europe in the aftermath of the Great Recession adopting a comparative perspective. We explore childbearing behavior during the crisis across three dimensions of vulnerability: migration background (measured as: country of origin and length of stay in the destination country), labor market uncertainty, and country of residence. We compare childbearing behavior by parity among native and migrant women with different employment statuses in Sweden and Italy. Using the Swedish population registers and the Italian Labor Force Survey, we investigate the change in childbearing probabilities between the pre-crisis (2006–2009) and the years following the onset of the crisis (2010–2015). We find that the chances of motherhood in the aftermath of the Great Recession decreased substantially among recently arrived migrant women, but also among unemployed natives and women with unstable careers. The migration and labor market vulnerabilities, however, do not accumulate: unemployment and career instability negatively affect only native women’s probability of motherhood. Finally, the country comparison demonstrates that while the duration of stay and the weaker labor market attachment reduces the chances of motherhood in both contexts, the negative effect of unemployment is particularly strong in Italy.
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| 2. |
- Billingsley, Sunnee, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 mortality across occupations and secondary risks for elderly individuals in the household : A population register-based study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 48:1, s. 52-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives This is the first population-level study to examine inequalities in COVID-19 mortality according to working-age individuals' occupations and the indirect occupational effects on COVID-19 mortality of older individuals who live with them.Methods We used early-release data for the entire population of Sweden of all recorded COVID-19 deaths from 12 March 2020 to 23 February 2021, which we linked to administrative registers and occupational measures. Cox proportional hazard models assessed relative risks of COVID-19 mortality for the working-aged population registered in an occupation in December 2018 and the older population who lived with them.Results Among working aged-adults, taxi/bus drivers had the highest relative risk of COVID-19 mortality: over four times that of skilled workers in IT, economics, or administration when adjusted only for basic demographic characteristics. After adjusting for socioeconomic factors (education, income and country of birth), there are no occupational groups with clearly elevated (statistically significant) COVID-19 mortality. Neither a measure of exposure within occupations nor the share that generally can work from home were related to working-aged adults' risk of COVID-19 mortality. Instead of occupational factors, traditional socioeconomic risk factors best explained variation in COVID-19 mortality. Elderly individuals, however, faced higher COVID-19 mortality risk both when living with a delivery or postal worker or worker(s) in occupations that generally work from home less, even when their socioeconomic factors are taken into account.Conclusions Inequalities in COVID-19 mortality of working-aged adults were mostly based on traditional risk factors and not on occupational divisions or characteristics in Sweden. However, older individuals living with those who likely cannot work from home or work in delivery or postal services were a vulnerable group.
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| 3. |
- Callaway, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Mortality inequalities at retirement age between migrants and nonmigrants in Denmark and Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: Demographic Research. - 1435-9871. ; 50, s. 473-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Denmark and Sweden index their statutory retirement ages to life expectancy. When lifespan increases, so does retirement age. This policy does not consider demographic heterogeneity in life expectancy, e.g., between migrants and non-migrants, posing possible issues for pension policies that index retirement age to life expectancy.Objective: To understand how mortality inequalities between migrants and non-migrants interact with the indexation of statutory retirement age in Denmark and Sweden.Methods: We used Danish and Swedish registry data from 1988–2018, and included individuals aged 50+. Migrants were classified as European-born or non-European-born. We calculated the probability of dying before retirement age, remaining life expectancy at retirement age, lifespan inequalities after retirement age, and the likelihood that a non-migrant would outlive a migrant. We also classified the Danish-born population into four income levels and compared them to migrant groups.Results: Non-European-born migrants had the survival advantage in both countries, but equal or higher lifespan inequality at retirement. Sweden had a proportionally larger migrant population, but Denmark’s was more diverse. The probability that a non-migrant would outsurvive a migrant was 40%–50% in both countries.Conclusions: The healthy migrant effect was observed in both Denmark and Sweden. Despite mortality advantages, migrants do not contribute to increasing life expectancy in Denmark or Sweden.Contribution: This study contributes to the literature on mortality differences between migrants and non-migrants in Scandinavia. The novel contributions of this paper are the consideration of the socioeconomic status of non-migrants in Denmark, and the calculation of probabilities that migrants will outsurvive non-migrants, all within the context of pension policy.
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Erik, 1989-
(författare)
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Fertility Behavior and Preferences Among Immigrants and Children of Immigrants in Sweden
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Similar to other Western European countries, immigrants and children of immigrants constitute growing segments of the Swedish population. Analyzing fertility patterns among immigrants and their children is important because (1) understanding potential heterogeneity in fertility preferences and behavior among population subgroups improves the understanding of fertility trends for the overall population, (2) fertility patterns can serve as an indicator of immigrants’ integration into the destination society, and (3) research can contribute with facts and nuanced perspectives to the emotionally charged political debate on immigrant and minority fertility. The dissertation consists of three studies that examine different aspects of immigrant fertility which have largely been overlooked in earlier research.Study I analyzes how the propensity to realize a short-term fertility intention varies between natives, immigrants, and children of immigrants in Sweden and Norway. Data come from the Swedish and Norwegian Generations and Gender Surveys from 2012/13 and 2007/08 together with their register-based follow-ups. Results show that second-generation women of non-Western origin are significantly less likely than native women to realize a positive fertility intention, whereas first-generation men of Western origin are significantly more likely than native men to realize a positive fertility intention. These results suggest either that the ability to realize childbearing preferences differ between population subgroups or that there are cultural differences in the meaning attached to a reported intention.Study II examines ethnic fertility differentials within the group of Yugoslavian-born immigrants to Sweden. The study uses Swedish population register data to compare transition rates to first, second, and third birth between native women, BCMS-speaking (Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian) Yugoslavian-born women, and Albanian-speaking Yugoslavian-born women. Results show that transition rates to first, second, and third birth are considerably higher among Albanian-speaking women than both BCMS-speaking women and native women. The transition rates of BCMS-speaking women are relatively close to those of native women. The study demonstrates how analyses of immigrant fertility can benefit from disaggregating national or regional origin groups by subnational ethnicity, since this may uncover considerable within-group heterogeneity.Study III explores how religious affiliation relates to the ideal number of children, short-term fertility intentions, and the achieved number of children at age 40 among immigrants and natives in Sweden. Data come from the two Swedish Generations and Gender Surveys from 2012/13 and 2021. Results show that ideal, intended, and achieved fertility vary considerably by geographical origin within religious affiliations. Within geographical origin groups, Christians and Muslims often have similar ideal, intended, and achieved fertility, whereas the ideal, intended, and achieved fertility among non-religious individuals tend to be lower than those of Christians and Muslims. Results indicate that earlier analyses of the association between religion and fertility among immigrants that do not take immigrants’ geographical origin into consideration can be misleading, since group differences that are best explained as origin effects may be attributed to influences from religion.
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| 5. |
- Drefahl, Sven, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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How does the age of the youngest child affect parental survival?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Genus. - 2035-5556. ; 79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has investigated several different aspects of the relationship between having a child and parental mortality. One aspect of research that has been neglected until now is the age of the child. If children have an effect on parental mortality, this is likely to change as they grow up. We apply hazard regression models to longitudinal Swedish register data of the total population for men and women separately. Adjusting for a variety of control variables, we find that parents with younger children experience a substantive mortality advantage compared to parents—of the same age—who have older children. The mortality advantage decreases gradually as the age of the youngest child increases. Robustness checks confirm that this result cannot be explained by differences in the parent’s age and parental age at first birth. Childless women and men of the same age experience the highest mortality. Additional models for different causes of death suggest that selection, behavioral changes, and unobserved protective effects contribute to this pattern.
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| 6. |
- Juárez, Sol Pia, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 mortality among immigrants by duration of residence in Sweden : a population-based cohort study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Explanations for the disproportional COVID-19 burden among immigrants relative to host-country natives include differential exposure to the virus and susceptibility due to poor health conditions. Prior to the pandemic, immigrants displayed deteriorating health with duration of residence that may be associated with increased susceptibility over time. The aim of this study was to compare immigrant–native COVID-19 mortality by immigrants’ duration of residence to examine the role of differential susceptibility. Methods: A population-based cohort study was conducted with individuals between 18 and 100 years old registered in Sweden between 1 January 2015 and 15 June 2022. Cox regression models were run to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Inequalities in COVID-19 mortality between immigrants and the Swedish-born population in the working-age group were concentrated among those of non-Western origins and from Finland with more than 15 years in Sweden, while for those of retirement age, these groups showed higher COVID-19 mortality HRs regardless of duration of residence. Both age groups of immigrants from Africa and the Middle East showed consistently higher COVID-19 mortality HRs. For the working-age population: Africa: HR<15: 2.46, 95%CI: 1.78, 3.38; HR≥15: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.01, 2.19; and from the Middle East: HR<15: 1.20, 95%CI: 0.90, 1.60; HR≥15: 1.65, 95%CI: 1.32, 2.05. For the retirement-age population: Africa: HR<15: 3.94, 95%CI: 2.85, 5.44; HR≥15: 1.66, 95%CI: 1.32, 2.09; Middle East: HR<15: 3.27, 95%CI: 2.70, 3.97; HR≥15: 2.12, 95%CI: 1.91, 2.34. Conclusions: Differential exposure, as opposed to differential susceptibility, likely accounted for the higher COVID-19 mortality observed among those origins who were disproportionately affected by the pandemic in Sweden.
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| 7. |
- Juárez, Sol Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Explaining COVID-19 mortality among immigrants in Sweden from a social determinants of health perspective (COVIS) : protocol for a national register-based observational study
- 2023
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - 2044-6055. ; 13:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Adopting a social determinants of health perspective, this project aims to study how disproportionate COVID-19 mortality among immigrants in Sweden is associated with social factors operating through differential exposure to the virus (eg, by being more likely to work in high-exposure occupations) and differential effects of infection arising from socially patterned, pre-existing health conditions, differential healthcare seeking and inequitable healthcare provision. Methods and analysis This observational study will use health (eg, hospitalisations, deaths) and sociodemographic information (eg, occupation, income, social benefits) from Swedish national registers linked using unique identity numbers. The study population includes all adults registered in Sweden in the year before the start of the pandemic (2019), as well as individuals who immigrated to Sweden or turned 18 years of age after the start of the pandemic (2020). Our analyses will primarily cover the period from 31 January 2020 to 31 December 2022, with updates depending on the progression of the pandemic. We will evaluate COVID-19 mortality differences between foreign-born and Swedish-born individuals by examining each mechanism (differential exposure and effects) separately, while considering potential effect modification by country of birth and socioeconomic factors. Planned statistical modelling techniques include mediation analyses, multilevel models, Poisson regression and event history analyses. Ethics and dissemination This project has been granted all necessary ethical permissions from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr 2022-0048- 01) for accessing and analysing deidentified data. The final outputs will primarily be disseminated as scientific articles published in open-access peer-reviewed international journals, as well as press releases and policy briefs.
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| 8. |
- Lindström, Jonathan, et al.
(författare)
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Childbearing among Polish migrant women and their descendants in Sweden : an origin-destination country approach
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1443-2447 .- 1835-9469. ; 39:1, s. 133-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the childbearing behaviour of Polish migrant women and their descendants in Sweden. Also considering stayers in the country of origin, we rely on a country-of-origin and country-of-destination approach in a careful examination regarding the relevance of three hypotheses on migrant fertility: the socialisation, selection, and adaptation hypotheses. We analyse the transitions to first and second births based on a piecewise exponential model, using Swedish register data and the Polish Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) first wave. The results support the socialisation hypothesis, as the Polish stayers and the first-generation Polish migrants have their first child at younger ages and are less likely to remain childless than the other groups but are also more likely to not proceed to a second child, unlike the Swedish natives and the second generation. We find partial support for the selection hypothesis. Descriptively, we observe signs of selection into migration based on education, cohort, and marital status. Additionally, our study shows that the impact of marriage varies between stayers and migrants, in the first-birth transition, suggesting selection into migration when it comes to unobserved characteristics as well. The adaptation hypothesis is also supported, as the fertility behaviour of the second generation more closely resembles that of the Swedish natives than that of the first generation and differs more from that of the Polish stayers in terms of both quantum and timing of the first and second births.
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| 9. |
- Mussino, Eleonora, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Childcare in Italy among migrants and natives : who uses which type and why?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Genus. - 2035-5556. ; 79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Italian welfare state is characterised by a preference for income transfers over transfers in kind and the marginal role of policies aimed directly at supporting the family. Despite the growing participation of women in the labour market, the Italian welfare system still assumes the family, with its unbalanced gender division of housework and its intergenerational solidarity, to be the primary provider of protection and support. As a result, in Italy in 2019 only 26.9% of children under 3 years of age were enrolled in formal childcare, which is below the European average. In this context, births from at least one foreign parent had increased over time, and foreign national children accounted for 14.0% of all children aged 0–3 in 2019. Despite this, migrants are still seen as ‘suppliers’ rather than citizens who, as parents, are potential consumers of childcare services. Aspects related to the use of childcare by migrants and differences compared to natives in Italy are currently understudied. We use the 2012 Birth Sample Survey by the Italian National Institute of Statistics to fill this gap. Mothers were interviewed about 18–21 months after having given birth: information on sociodemographic characteristics of both parents was collected, including their use of childcare services, their reasons for not using them, their unmet need for childcare services, and the lack of access to the job market due to care work. Our study aims to understand childcare patterns among migrants and the differences between them and those of the native-born population. We found that Italian mothers use informal care more than migrants. Unlike the evidence from other international studies, our results show that migrant mothers use daycare for children aged 0–3 more than native-born mothers. However, we found that the migrants who had arrived as children show patterns more similar to natives. This finding might be associated with a better knowledge of the system and a more extensive network (including grandparents) in Italy. Similarly, we found that migrant mothers who co-parent with an Italian father use more informal care and experience lower logistical barriers to accessing daycare. In addition, we observed that obstacles to children’s enrolment resulting in an unmet need for daycare are also related to migrant background.
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| 10. |
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