| 1. |
- Nakano, Naoko, et al.
(författare)
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TMED10 Protein Interferes with Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-beta Signaling by Disrupting TGF-beta Receptor Complex Formation
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - : AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 292:10, s. 4099-4112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The intensity and duration of TGF-beta signaling determine the cellular biological response. How this is negatively regulated is not well understood. Here, we identified a novel negative regulator of TGF-beta signaling, transmembrane p24-trafficking protein 10 (TMED10). TMED10 disrupts the complex formation between TGF-beta type I (also termed ALK5) and type II receptors (T beta RII). Misexpression studies revealed that TMED10 attenuated TGF-beta-mediated signaling. A 20-amino acid-long region from Thr(91) to Glu(110) within the extracellular region of TMED10 was found to be crucial for TMED 10 interaction with both ALK5 and T beta RII. Synthetic peptides corresponding to this region inhibit both TGF-beta-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and Smad-dependent transcriptional reporter activity. In a xenograft cancer model, where previously TGF-beta was shown to elicit tumor-promoting effects, gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies for TMED10 revealed a decrease and increase in the tumor size, respectively. Thus, we determined herein that TMED10 expression levels are the key determinant for efficiency of TGF-beta receptor complex formation and signaling.
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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Nakano, Masashi, et al.
(författare)
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Cyclic water transfer in the top soil of a landfill
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - : Scienpress Ltd. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 3:3, s. 53-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes the changes of water content and the kinetics of water flow under infiltration, redistribution, evaporation, transpiration and freeze and thaw of water in top soils of a landfill, which are needed for the assessment of contaminant transfer. The discussion focuses on (a) infiltration in layered soil and sloping layered soil, and one caused by water flow through channels in soils, (b) the changes of water content under evaporation, which occur in different water flow modes under different evaporation conditions, and (c) water depression due to transpiration, in which water flow originates from a deeper layer below the root zone of vegetation. It is concluded that the theoretical prediction of the changes of water content profiles requires (a) a full understanding of the characteristics of individual water flow in cyclic water transfer and (b) a careful setting of the boundary conditions specified at the soil surface since soil properties such as soil structure and especially unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at surface will easily change over the course of time.
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| 5. |
- Nakano, Masashi, et al.
(författare)
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Mathematical Method Re-examined for Assessment of Ground Contaminated by Radioactive-Contaminated Groundwater
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - UK : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 9:3, s. 227-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we re-examined the transfer equation of radioactive substances in the ground and offer a more realistic transfer equation and other equations available for assessment of the ground contamination from radioactive-contaminated groundwater. The transfer equation takes into account kinematic and hydrodynamic considerations on mass conservation of mobile radioactive substances in a porous medium that typifies the ground. The other equations available for contamination assessment are concerned with deposition in contaminated areas and discharge flow of contaminants to the areas contiguous to contaminated area. The equations are derived on the understanding that disintegration of the radioactive substances adhering onto solids in the ground porous medium occurs as a sink term during the transfer of mobile radioactive substances. Finally, it is noted that the discharge of groundwater due to advective flow will be predominant in comparison to the discharge by diffusion
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| 6. |
- Pusch, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term function of on-ground repositories for hazardous waste : Mechanisms in cyclicdrying/wetting of top clay liners
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 7:2, s. 45-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Landfills of hazardous waste like radioactive rest products with low activity, or ashes from incinerated organic waste, need to have top clay liners for minimizing penetration and percolation of precipitated rain and meltwater. Temperature and dry weather vary interchangeably with wet periods making the clay desiccate and fissure, and subsequently wetted etc. Top liners are commonly made of smectite clay, which is the best isolating soil material, undergoing swelling and shrinkage to an extent that depends on the clay content and density. The most important question is whether such liners, in unfrozen condition and covered by erosionresisting coarse soil, maintain their coherence and tightness after centuries of hydration/dehydration cycles. The present study, made on physically confined soft Iraqi clay with about 30% smectite indicates that initially homogeneous dense clay shrinks and desiccates and becomes fissured at 30oC and room RH, but partly recovers by becoming water saturated by infiltrated water. A limited number of drying and wetting sequences seem to give approximately the same change, suggesting that, under common weather conditions and lack of external disturbance, such liners retain a considerable part of their initial water tightness. Thick liners with moderately to high density and exposed to loading by overlying coarse fill are expected to serve particularly well.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Young, Raymond N., et al.
(författare)
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Environmental soil properties and behaviour
- 2012
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Examining the many changes in soil properties and behavior as a result of stresses from both anthropogenic and environmental forces, this critical work details the requirements of soils to maintain their design engineering properties (rheological, transmission, buffering, and ion-accumulation) over their projected life-spans. It discusses the use of soils as engineered materials in the construction of structures on and in the ground, including foundations, bridges, nuclear waste repositories, tunnels, and other civil infrastructures. The book presents numerous laboratory tests, procedures, techniques, data gathering, data reduction models, and analyses of soil structure.
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