| 1. |
- Brewer, T. F., et al.
(författare)
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Housing, sanitation and living conditions affecting SARS-CoV-2 prevention interventions in 54 African countries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Epidemiology and Infection. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0950-2688 .- 1469-4409. ; 149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The feasibility of non-pharmacological public health interventions (NPIs) such as physical distancing or isolation at home to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in low-resource countries is unknown. Household survey data from 54 African countries were used to investigate the feasibility of SARS-CoV-2 NPIs in low-resource settings. Across the 54 countries, approximately 718 million people lived in households with > 6 individuals at home (median percentage of at-risk households 56% (95% confidence interval (CI), 51% to 60%)). Approximately 283 million people lived in households where > 3 people slept in a single room (median percentage of at-risk households 15% (95% CI, 13% to 19%)). An estimated 890 million Africans lack on-site water (71% (95% CI, 62% to 80%)), while 700 million people lacked in-home soap/washing facilities (56% (95% CI, 42% to 73%)). The median percentage of people without a refrigerator in the home was 79% (95% CI, 67% to 88%), while 45% (95% CI, 39% to 52%) shared toilet facilities with other households. Individuals in low-resource settings have substantial obstacles to implementing NPIs for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 transmission. These populations urgently need to be prioritised for coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination to prevent disease and to contain the global pandemic.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Diessl, Jutta, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Manganese-driven CoQ deficiency
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Overexposure to manganese disrupts cellular energy metabolism across species, but the molecular mechanism underlying manganese toxicity remains enigmatic. Here, we report that excess cellular manganese selectively disrupts coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis, resulting in failure of mitochondrial bioenergetics. While respiratory chain complexes remain intact, the lack of CoQ as lipophilic electron carrier precludes oxidative phosphorylation and leads to premature cell and organismal death. At a molecular level, manganese overload causes mismetallation and proteolytic degradation of Coq7, a diiron hydroxylase that catalyzes the penultimate step in CoQ biosynthesis. Coq7 overexpression or supplementation with a CoQ headgroup analog that bypasses Coq7 function fully corrects electron transport, thus restoring respiration and viability. We uncover a unique sensitivity of a diiron enzyme to mismetallation and define the molecular mechanism for manganese-induced bioenergetic failure that is conserved across species. Across phylae, excess manganese disrupts energy metabolism by unclear mechanisms. Here, Diessl et al. report that failure of mitochondrial bioenergetics upon manganese overload is due to mismetallation of a diiron enzyme crucial for CoQ biosynthesis
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| 4. |
- Ekbrand, Hans, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Inter-state differences in caste-specific risks for child deprivation in India
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Poverty and Social Justice. - 1759-8273. ; 25:1, s. 3-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The issue of caste has long been an important structural cause of poverty in India, with certain groups and communities socially and physically excluded from the benefits of national economic and social development. While differences between groups are often explained at national and state levels, this paper focuses instead on the issue of inter-state caste-specific risks of child poverty and basic needs deprivation. We show that while children from schedule caste and tribe (SC/ST) communities fare poorly at the national level, it need not be so given some states manage to protect SC/ST children, ensuring outcomes for them are on a par or better than for children from higher caste groups. Caste and tribe status need not condemn children to lives of poverty, and this paper identifies for policy makers where caste and tribe status remain important drivers of poverty and disparities for children. Tackling these would be a start for making India a more equitable society in coming decades. © Policy Press 2017 #JPSJ.
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| 5. |
- Malik, L., et al.
(författare)
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Acoustic particle trapping driven by axial primary radiation force in shaped traps
- 2022
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Ingår i: Physical Review E. - 2470-0045. ; 105:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study particle trapping driven by the axial primary radiation force (A-PRF) in shaped traps exposed to standing bulk acoustic waves (S-BAW) using numerical simulations and experiments. The utilization of the stronger A-PRF as the main retention force is a consequence of standing-wave formation along the flow direction, instead of the orthogonal direction as in the case of traditionally used lateral-PRF S-BAW trapping setups. The study of particle dynamics reveals that the competition between A-PRF and viscous drag force governs particle trajectory. The ratio of the acoustic energy to the viscous work (β) provides a general criterion for particle trapping at a distinctive off-node site that is spatially controllable. Particles get trapped for β≥βcr at some distance away from the nodal plane and the distance varies as β-c (c=0.6-1.0). The use of A-PRF as the retention force could potentially allow traditional S-BAW trapping systems to envisage high-throughput advancements surpassing the current standards in cell-handling unit operations.
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| 6. |
- Nandy, S., et al.
(författare)
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Examining the changing profile of undernutrition in the context of food price rises and greater inequality
- 2016
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Ingår i: Social Science & Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536. ; 149, s. 153-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines how the profile of undernutrition among children in two African countries (Ethiopia and Nigeria) changed over the period of the 2007/08 food, fuel and financial crisis. Using the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF), an indicator which allows for a comprehensive assessment of undernutrition in young children, we examine what changes occurred in the composition of undernutrition, and how these changes were distributed amongst children in different socio-economic groups. This is important as certain combinations of anthropometric failure (AF), especially the experience of multiple failures (dual and triple combinations of AF) are associated with higher morbidity and mortality risks, and are also related to poverty. Our hypothesis is that increases in food prices during the crisis contributed to an increase in inequality, which may have resulted in concurrent increases in the prevalence of more damaging forms of undernutrition amongst poorer children. While both countries witnessed large increases in food prices, the effects were quite different. Ethiopia managed reduce the prevalence of multiple anthropometric failure between 2005 and 2011 across most groups and regions. By contrast, in Nigeria prevalence increased between 2008 and 2013, and particularly so in the poorer, northern states. The countries studied applied quite different policies in response to food price increases, with the results from Ethiopia demonstrating that protectionist public health and nutrition interventions can mitigate the impacts of price increases on poor children. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 7. |
- Peterson, S, et al.
(författare)
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A child's right to health
- 2019
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Ingår i: Lancet (London, England). - 1474-547X. ; 394:10210, s. 1707-1708
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Schroeder, Fritz H., et al.
(författare)
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Can dutasteride delay or prevent the progression of prostate cancer in patients with biochemical failure after radical therapy? Rationale and design of the Avodart after Radical Therapy for Prostate Cancer Study
- 2009
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Ingår i: BJU International. - 1464-4096. ; 103:5, s. 590-596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To describe the Avodart after Radical Therapy for prostate cancer Study (ARTS), investigating the use of dutasteride (a dual 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor that suppresses intraprostatic dihydrotestosterone, reduces tumour volume and improves other markers of tumour regression in prostate cancer) to prevent or delay disease progression in patients with biochemical recurrence after therapy with curative intent. An increasing serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level after radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiotherapy (RT) is indicative of recurrent prostate cancer and typically pre-dates clinically detectable metastatic disease by several years. ARTS is an ongoing European multicentre trial in which patients are stratified by previous therapy (RP with or without salvage RT vs primary RT) and randomized to double-blind treatment with dutasteride 0.5 mg or placebo once daily for 2 years. Eligible patients will have a PSA doubling time (DT) of 3-24 months. Biochemical recurrence is defined as three increases in PSA level from the nadir, with each increase >= 4 weeks apart and each PSA level >= 0.2 ng/mL, and a final PSA level of >= 0.4 ng/mL (after RP) or >= 2 ng/mL (after primary RT). Study endpoints include time to PSA doubling, time to disease progression, treatment response (PSA decrease or an increase of <= 15% from baseline), changes in PSA and PSADT, and changes in anxiety (Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer). ARTS will be the first study to evaluate the effects of dutasteride on PSADT, disease progression and treatment response in patients with biochemical failure after RP or RT, and should help to elucidate the potential role of dual 5 alpha-reductase inhibition in prostate cancer.
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| 10. |
- Shami, Muhammad Ali, 1980-
(författare)
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Dynamically Reconfigurable Resource Array
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The goals set by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) for the consumer portable category, to be realized by 2020, are 1000X improvement in performance with only 40\% increase in power budget and no increase in design team size. To meet these goals, the challenges facing the VLSI community are gaps in architecture efficacy, design productivity and battery capacity.As the causes of the gaps in architecture efficacy and battery capacity, this thesis identifies: a) instruction granularity mismatch, b) bit-width granularity mismatch, c) silicon granularity mismatch and d) parallelism mismatch. Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) technology can address instruction/bit-width granularity and parallelism mismatch but suffers from silicon granularity mismatch due to high reconfiguration overheads. The ultimate design goal of a system-on-chip is to achieve an ASIC-like performance and FPGA-like flexibility, design time and cost. Coarse Grain Reconfigurable Architectures (CGRAs) are a compromise between ASIC and FPGA since they provide better computational efficiency compared to FPGAs and better engineering efficiency compared to ASIC. However, the current generation of CGRAs lack many architectural properties that would enable them to replace ASIC and/or FPGA by mainstream industry.To objectively discuss these properties, in the first part of the thesis a classification scheme has been proposed that classifies parallel computing machines into 47 classes and propose how they can be graded in terms of flexibility. We apply this classification scheme on academic and industrial reconfigurable architectures to compare them for their similarities and differences. We identify an instruction flow spatial computing class to be used for a CGRA fabric called Dynamically Reconfigurable Resource Array (DRRA) presented in the second part of this thesis. The DRRA fabric is a Parallel Distributed Digital Signal Processing (PDDSP) fabric with distributed arithmetic, logic, interconnect and control resources. Problems associated with the distributed control model of DRRA are identified and architectural solutions that can be exploited by the compiler tools are presented.After logical and physical synthesis, DRRA shows a peak performance of 21 GOPS and peak silicon efficiency of 16.03 GOPS/mm\textsuperscript{2}. We further performed a three-level validation of the DRRA fabric. At first level, we mapped a number of signal and compute intensive algorithms to demonstrate the flexibility of the DRRA fabric. At second level, we measured the gap between ASIC, DRRA and FPGA. On average DRRA shows 22.87x area, 10.75x power consumption, 852x configuration bits, 959x configuration cycles, 63,94x silicon efficiency, 4.78x computational efficiency, and 6.15E+10x better energy-delay product improvements compared to FPGA. Finally, at third level we present the use of DRRA for a real world example of implementing a 128-, 256-, 512-, 1024-, 2048-point configurable FFT processor. For 1024 point FFT, in terms of computational efficiency, DRRA outperforms all CGRAs by at least 2x and is worse than ASIC by 3.45x. As regards silicon efficiency, although dedicated processors perform 1.6x better, DRRA is better than all other CGRAs.
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