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- Blösch, Günter, et al.
(författare)
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Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) - a community perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: Hydrological Sciences Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0262-6667 .- 2150-3435. ; 64:10, s. 1141-1158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come.
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| 2. |
- Nardi, Maria Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Nature of Peace: An Interdisciplinary Enquiry into Research at the Intersection of Nature, Peace and Post-Conflict
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The nexus between the environment, natural resources and (armed) violence has been researched since the end of the nineties, however major theoretical and empirical gaps still exists in research on the precise role of nature or the natural environment during post-conflict and/or peacebuilding, particularly in relation to those countries that have undergone internal armed conflict.This paper presents a state of the art in research conducted at the intersection of nature, peace and post-conflict. It is based on a systematic research review of more than a hundred articles published in English on conceptual and theoretical questions and case studies from all over the world.The aim here is to contribute to enhance the knowledge we have about the relevance of nature or natural environment in peace and post-conflict studies. We seek to do so by trying to answer the following questions:a. What are the main theoretical and empirical gaps in current research in the intersection of peace, post-conflict and nature?b. Is it necessary to develop alternative notions of nature and / or peace in order to expand the academic research field and the political possibilities of peace?The study presented here is the result of the interdisciplinary research project “The Nature of Peace: exploring links between the natural environment and peace in post-conflict societies”, supported by the Pufendorf Institute for Advanced Studies at Lund University, Sweden, between September 2017 and April 2018.
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| 6. |
- Forzieri, Giovanni, et al.
(författare)
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The Database of European Forest Insect and Disease Disturbances: DEFID2
- 2023
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - 1365-2486. ; 29:21, s. 6040-6065
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insect and disease outbreaks in forests are biotic disturbances that can profoundly alter ecosystem dynamics. In many parts of the world, these disturbance regimes are intensifying as the climate changes and shifts the distribution of species and biomes. As a result, key forest ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, regulation of water flows, wood production, protection of soils, and the conservation of biodiversity, could be increasingly compromised. Despite the relevance of these detrimental effects, there are currently no spatially detailed databases that record insect and disease disturbances on forests at the pan-European scale. Here, we present the new Database of European Forest Insect and Disease Disturbances (DEFID2). It comprises over 650,000 harmonized georeferenced records, mapped as polygons or points, of insects and disease disturbances that occurred between 1963 and 2021 in European forests. The records currently span eight different countries and were acquired through diverse methods (e.g., ground surveys, remote sensing techniques). The records in DEFID2 are described by a set of qualitative attributes, including severity and patterns of damage symptoms, agents, host tree species, climate-driven trigger factors, silvicultural practices, and eventual sanitary interventions. They are further complemented with a satellite-based quantitative characterization of the affected forest areas based on Landsat Normalized Burn Ratio time series, and damage metrics derived from them using the LandTrendr spectral–temporal segmentation algorithm (including onset, duration, magnitude, and rate of the disturbance), and possible interactions with windthrow and wildfire events. The DEFID2 database is a novel resource for many large-scale applications dealing with biotic disturbances. It offers a unique contribution to design networks of experiments, improve our understanding of ecological processes underlying biotic forest disturbances, monitor their dynamics, and enhance their representation in land-climate models. Further data sharing is encouraged to extend and improve the DEFID2 database continuously. The database is freely available at https://jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ftp/jrc-opendata/FOREST/DISTURBANCES/DEFID2/.
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| 7. |
- Ituarte-Lima, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Just Pathways to Sustainability: From Environmental Human Rights Defenders to Biosphere Defenders
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental policy and law. - 0378-777X. ; 53:5-6, s. 347-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People form part of the biosphere - the biosphere being the whole intertwined network of life on Earth. While there is convergence on the need for societal change for just sustainability and a healthy biosphere, the pathways to achieve these transformations remain relatively unclear. Through legal interpretation, conceptual and thematic analysis of academic and grey literature, we seek to answer the following two questions: (a) how does the concept of Biosphere Defender enable a deeper and distinct understanding of who environmental defenders are and their role in just sustainability transformations? and (b) how does international human rights law contribute to specify the content of biosphere defenders’ rights? To address these questions, we first critically review the scope and limitations of the notion of Environmental Human Rights Defenders (EHRD) in human rights narratives in international law and policy. We examine how understandings of EHRD portray those defending their land and environment and what limitations this concept has in terms of possibilities for reflecting on transformations towards just sustainability. Second, we propose an alternative and/or complementary understanding of EHRD by using the concept of Biosphere Defenders. We also develop the Defend-Biosphere Framework to analyse the role of these actors as agents of change in pathways towards just sustainability. Third, to empirically illustrate the role of Biosphere Defenders, and the use of the Defend-Biosphere Framework we present two case studies from Latin America analyzing initiatives catalyzed by rural people who are defending their lands and territories while generating new ways to relate to socio-ecological systems and engage with the State and the economy. In both case studies, we find that relational values of solidarity, responsibility, and care (between human and other living beings) are central in understanding Biosphere Defenders’ initiatives creating pathways towards just sustainability. The findings of this article are of particular relevance to the implementation of the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment in the context of the Escazu Agreement on access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Aarhus Convention on access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters and the Montreal-Kunming Global Biodiversity Framework in particular Target 22 (access to information, participation, access to justice and environmental defenders) and Target 23 (gender equality).
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| 9. |
- Nardi, Maria Andrea
(författare)
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Ambientalistas trabalham para manter o papel pacificador da natureza no norte de Uganda : Três formas de usar a natureza para promover a paz e o desenvolvimento sustentáveis
- 2024
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Ingår i: Global Voices.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Nos últimos anos, houve uma repressão contra defensores do meio ambiente em Uganda. Jornalistas, estudantes, agricultores e moradores da zona rural defendem o ambiente natural, protestando e mobilizando-se contra o tratamento injusto e a migração forçada causada por infraestruturas de combustíveis fósseis, agronegócio, energia hidrelétrica ou compensação de carbono. Essa situação colocou as autoridades e os interesses empresariais contra os ambientalistas, que buscam proteger o meio ambiente de corporações que expandem a fronteira de extração de recursos para novas áreas. Nesse contexto, e 15 anos após o fim do conflito armado no norte de Uganda, perguntamos se a paz pode ser sustentável nessa região do país.
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| 10. |
- Nardi, Maria Andrea
(författare)
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Dans le Nord de l'Ouganda, les écologistes s'efforcent de préserver le rôle de la nature dans la construction de la paix
- 2024
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Ingår i: Global Voices.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ces dernières années en Ouganda, les écologistes ont fait l'objet de répressions partout dans le pays. Pour sauvegarder la nature, des journalistes, des étudiants, ainsi que des agriculteurs et des habitants de zones rurales, protestent et se mobilisent contre les injustices et les déplacements forcés causés aussi bien par les infrastructures utilisant des énergies fossiles que par l’agro-industrie, l’électricité hydraulique ou la compensation carbone. Dès lors, cette situation oppose à la fois les autorités et les intérêts des grands groupes capitalistes aux écologistes. Ces derniers cherchent à protéger les espaces naturels des sociétés à but lucratif, qui étendent les périmètres d'extraction des ressources à de nouvelles zones. Dans ce contexte, et 15 ans après la fin du conflit armé dans le Nord de l'Ouganda [fr], une paix durable est-elle envisageable dans cette région du pays?In recent years, there has been a ‘crackdown’ against environmental defenders across Uganda. Journalists, students, farmers, and rural dwellers are defending the natural environment, protesting and mobilizing against unfair treatment and forced displacements brought by fossil fuel infrastructures, agribusiness, hydropower, or carbon offsetting. This has pitted authorities and large-scale capital against environmental defenders who are seeking to protect the natural environment against profit-driven corporations that seek to expand the resource extraction frontier into new geographical areas. In this context, and fifteen years after the end of the armed conflict in Northern Uganda, we question whether peace can be sustainable in this region of the country. To fully comprehend current disputes over land or the defence of the natural environment, it is necessary to observe how nature is integrated into peacebuilding and development policies. This is because there is often a narrow understanding on how local communities integrate the natural environment in their everyday life. Three issues stand out in relation to the contributions nature can make to foster sustainable peace and development in Northern Uganda beyond its role in income generation by resource exploitation. The natural environment is relevant for peace because it works as a (a) semiotic system, (b) public space, and (c) reconciliation means.
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