| 1. |
- Bahram, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Fungi as mediators linking organisms and ecosystems
- 2021
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 46
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unique set of traits that fungi exhibit, and the versatility of these traits facilitate the mediating role that fungi play in host and ecosystem functioning through the establishment of dynamic evolutionary and ecological interactions.Fungi form a major and diverse component of most ecosystems on Earth. They are both micro and macroorganisms with high and varying functional diversity as well as great variation in dispersal modes. With our growing knowledge of microbial biogeography, it has become increasingly clear that fungal assembly patterns and processes differ from other microorganisms such as bacteria, but also from macroorganisms such as plants. The success of fungi as organisms and their influence on the environment lies in their ability to span multiple dimensions of time, space, and biological interactions, that is not rivalled by other organism groups. There is also growing evidence that fungi mediate links between different organisms and ecosystems, with the potential to affect the macroecology and evolution of those organisms. This suggests that fungal interactions are an ecological driving force, interconnecting different levels of biological and ecological organisation of their hosts, competitors, and antagonists with the environment and ecosystem functioning. Here we review these emerging lines of evidence by focusing on the dynamics of fungal interactions with other organism groups across various ecosystems. We conclude that the mediating role of fungi through their complex and dynamic ecological interactions underlie their importance and ubiquity across Earth's ecosystems.
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| 2. |
- Bahram, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Metagenomic assessment of the global diversity and distribution of bacteria and fungi
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Microbiology. - : Wiley. - 1462-2912 .- 1462-2920. ; 23, s. 316-326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacteria and fungi are of uttermost importance in determining environmental and host functioning. Despite close interactions between animals, plants, their associated microbiomes, and the environment they inhabit, the distribution and role of bacteria and especially fungi across host and environments as well as the cross‐habitat determinants of their community compositions remain little investigated. Using a uniquely broad global dataset of 13 483 metagenomes, we analysed the microbiome structure and function of 25 host‐associated and environmental habitats, focusing on potential interactions between bacteria and fungi. We found that the metagenomic relative abundance ratio of bacteria‐to‐fungi is a distinctive microbial feature of habitats. Compared with fungi, the cross‐habitat distribution pattern of bacteria was more strongly driven by habitat type. Fungal diversity was depleted in host‐associated communities compared with those in the environment, particularly terrestrial habitats, whereas this diversity pattern was less pronounced for bacteria. The relative gene functional potential of bacteria or fungi reflected their diversity patterns and appeared to depend on a balance between substrate availability and biotic interactions. Alongside helping to identify hotspots and sources of microbial diversity, our study provides support for differences in assembly patterns and processes between bacterial and fungal communities across different habitats.
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| 3. |
- Bahram, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Plant nutrient‐acquisition strategies drive topsoil microbiome structure and function
- 2020
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 227, s. 1189-1199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant nutrient-acquisition strategies drive soil processes and vegetation performance, but their effect on the soil microbiome remains poorly understood. This knowledge is important to predict the shifts in microbial diversity and functions due to increasing changes in vegetation traits under global change.Here we documented the topsoil microbiomes of 145 boreal and temperate terrestrial sites in the Baltic region that broadly differed in vegetation type and nutritional traits, such as mycorrhizal types and symbiotic nitrogen-fixation.We found that sites dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) vegetation harbor relatively more AM fungi, bacteria, fungal saprotrophs, and pathogens in the topsoil compared with sites dominated by ectomycorrhizal (EM) plants. These differences in microbiome composition reflect the rapid nutrient cycling and negative plant-soil feedback in AM soils. Lower fungal diversity and bacteria : fungi ratios in EM-dominated habitats are driven by monodominance of woody vegetation as well as soil acidification by EM fungi, which are associated with greater diversity and relative abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes.Our study suggests that shifts in vegetation related to global change and land use may strongly alter the topsoil microbiome structure and function.
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| 4. |
- Mikryukov, Vladimir, et al.
(författare)
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Connecting the multiple dimensions of global soil fungal diversity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science advances. - 2375-2548. ; 9:48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How the multiple facets of soil fungal diversity vary worldwide remains virtually unknown, hindering the management of this essential species-rich group. By sequencing high-resolution DNA markers in over 4000 topsoil samples from natural and human-altered ecosystems across all continents, we illustrate the distributions and drivers of different levels of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of fungi and their ecological groups. We show the impact of precipitation and temperature interactions on local fungal species richness (alpha diversity) across different climates. Our findings reveal how temperature drives fungal compositional turnover (beta diversity) and phylogenetic diversity, linking them with regional species richness (gamma diversity). We integrate fungi into the principles of global biodiversity distribution and present detailed maps for biodiversity conservation and modeling of global ecological processes.
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| 5. |
- Netherway, Tarquin, et al.
(författare)
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Biotic interactions with mycorrhizal systems as extended nutrient acquisition strategies shaping forest soil communities and functions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Basic and Applied Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1439-1791 .- 1618-0089. ; 50, s. 25-42
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant nutrient acquisition strategies involving ectomycorrhizal (EcM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations, are key plant functional traits leading to distinct carbon (C) and nutrient dynamics in forests. Yet, little is known about how these strategies influence the structure and functioning of soil communities, and if such mycorrhizal effects may be more or less pronounced depending on the type of forest and various abiotic factors. Here we explore the potential interactions occurring between plant-EcM and plant-AM systems with the diverse soil organisms occurring in forest soils, and in the process draw attention to major issues that are worthy for future research directions. Based on these potential interactions, we suggest that EcM systems, especially those involving gymnosperms in colder climates, may select for a soil community with a narrow set of functions. These EcM systems may exhibit low functional redundancy, dominated by symbiotic interactions, where EcM fungi maintain low pH and high C/N conditions in order to tightly control nutrient cycling and maintain the dominance of EcM trees. By contrast, AM systems, particularly those involving deciduous angiosperm trees in mild and warmer climates, may facilitate a functionally more diverse and redundant soil community tending towards the dominance of competitive and antagonistic interactions, but also with a range of symbiotic interactions that together maintain diverse plant communities. We propose that the contrasting belowground interactions in AM and EcM systems act as extended nutrient acquisition traits that contribute greatly to the prevailing nutrient and C dynamics occurring in these systems. (c) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier GmbH on behalf of Gesellschaft fur okologie. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
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| 6. |
- Netherway, Tarquin
(författare)
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From forests to microbiomes : The mediation of plant-soil systems by root-symbiotic fungi
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Plant-microbial symbioses play crucial roles in ecological and biogeochemical processes such as carbon and nutrient cycling, plant-soil feedback, and evolutionary dynamics. However, less is known about how these symbioses influence the broader soil microbial communities (microbiomes) that they interact with, which is essential to understanding the ecosystem processes they facilitate.In this thesis, I investigate the effect of mycorrhizal type and other root symbioses on the structure and potential function of belowground microbiomes, as well as leaf microbiomes and leaf element concentrations. To accomplish this, I used a variety of techniques, including metabarcoding and metagenomic analysis of microbial communities and their functional genes from field studies at various scales, from single vegetation communities to a European latitudinal gradient.Regionally, I found that sites dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) vegetation had relatively more AM fungi, bacteria, fungal saprotrophs, and pathogens in their soils compared to ectomycorrhizal (EcM) vegetation, and that coniferous EcM vegetation was a particularly important determinant of soil conditions and microbiome features. I also found that root colonization by dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi was strongly associated with the composition of microbial communities and functional genes, including a negative relationship with the relative abundance of fungal pathogens and bacteria across Europe. Lastly, I found that tree species with different root symbioses and levels of colonization and their leaf element profiles were a key factor shaping leaf microbial communities and diversity compared to climate, with contrasting relative abundances of bacterial and fungal guilds and taxa between and within tree species.Overall, my findings suggest that the biotic interactions between plants and their root symbionts are important factors determining the structure and function of microbiomes across vegetation communities and tree species, with implications for wider ecosystem processes.
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| 7. |
- Netherway, Tarquin, et al.
(författare)
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Fungal Biogeography
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biogeography : an Integrative Approach of the Evolution of Living. - : Wiley. - 9781789450606 ; , s. 193-218
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter provides an up-to-date account of fungi and the factors driving their biogeographic patterns, focusing mainly on terrestrial fungi and in particular mycorrhizal fungi due to their more established and studied biogeographic patterns. It also provides some insights into the biogeography of aquatic and animal-associated fungi. It is important to understand the evolutionary history of fungi because this could explain some of their biogeographical patterns, especially with reference to symbioses. The chapter discusses how fungal functions and their interactions with other organisms can affect fungal biogeography. Global environmental change driven by human disturbance, climate change and natural hazards can fundamentally alter the distribution and activity of fungi in time and space, while fungi can buffer or exacerbate the effects of global change on other organism groups.
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| 8. |
- Netherway, Tarquin
(författare)
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Meeting report: The first soil viral workshop 2022
- 2023
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Ingår i: Virus Research. - 0168-1702 .- 1872-7492. ; 331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil viral ecology is a growing research field; however, the state of knowledge still lags behind that of aquatic systems. Therefore, to facilitate progress, the first Soil Viral Workshop was held to encourage international scientific discussion and collaboration, suggest guidelines for future research, and establish soil viral research as a concrete research area. The workshop took place at Sominestationen, Denmark, between 15 and 17th of June 2022. The meeting was primarily held in person, but the sessions were also streamed online. The workshop was attended by 23 researchers from ten different countries and from a wide range of subfields and career stages. Eleven talks were presented, followed by discussions revolving around three major topics: viral genomics, virus -host interactions, and viruses in the soil food web. The main take-home messages and suggestions from the discussions are summarized in this report.
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| 9. |
- Netherway, Tarquin, et al.
(författare)
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Pervasive associations between dark septate endophytic fungi with tree root and soil microbiomes across Europe
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - 2041-1723. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trees interact with a multitude of microbes through their roots and root symbionts such as mycorrhizal fungi and root endophytes. Here, we explore the role of fungal root symbionts as predictors of the soil and root-associated microbiomes of widespread broad-leaved trees across a European latitudinal gradient. Our results suggest that, alongside factors such as climate, soil, and vegetation properties, root colonization by ectomycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal, and dark septate endophytic fungi also shapes tree-associated microbiomes. Notably, the structure of root and soil microbiomes across our sites is more strongly and consistently associated with dark septate endophyte colonization than with mycorrhizal colonization and many abiotic factors. Root colonization by dark septate endophytes also has a consistent negative association with the relative abundance and diversity of nutrient cycling genes. Our study not only indicates that root-symbiotic interactions are an important factor structuring soil communities and functions in forest ecosystems, but also that the hitherto less studied dark septate endophytes are likely to be central players in these interactions.While mycorrhizal-plant interactions are widely studied, other root symbionts may also be ecologically important. Here, the authors show that dark septate endophytes are a strong predictor of rhizosphere and associated soil microbiomes in broad-leaved tree across Europe.
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| 10. |
- Ranheim Sveen, Tord, et al.
(författare)
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Plant-microbe interactions in response to grassland herbivory and nitrogen eutrophication
- 2021
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Ingår i: Soil Biology & Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant-soil feedback is increasingly recognized as a vital framework to analyze multi-trophic interactions involving herbivores, plants and microbes, but research is still lacking on understanding such feedback in the context of global change. In grasslands, patterns of herbivory are expected to be affected by global change, further modifying existing plant-soil feedbacks. We tested this by evaluating the individual and combined impacts of aboveground herbivory by a generalist leaf-chewer and nitrogen (N) eutrophication, simulating elevated N deposition, on soil microbial communities and root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and related these to existing data on plant functional types and community composition. We found that colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the plant roots responded differently to treatments depending on host plant species in patterns consistent with the changes in the plant community composition and biomass. Further, the effect of aboveground herbivory on plant-soil interactions was comparable and even exceeded that of N-eutrophication, with the additive effects of herbivory and N-eutrophication on the soil microbiome being stronger than each factor separately. Our results suggest that plant-soil feedback in response to N-eutrophication is contingent on biotic variables such as herbivory and plant species, and that biotic and abiotic disturbances may have additive effects on the soil microbiome structure.
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