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- Schael, S, et al.
(författare)
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Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physics Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 427:5-6, s. 257-454
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLID experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, m(Z) and Gamma(Z), and its couplings to fermions, for example the p parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: m(Z) = 91.1875 +/- 0.0021 GeV, Gamma(Z) = 2.4952 +/- 0.0023 GeV, rho(l) = 1.0050 +/- 0.0010, sin(2)theta(eff)(lept) = 0.23153 +/- 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 +/- 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, m(t) = 173(+10)(+13) GeV, and the mass of the W boson, m(W) = 80.363 +/- 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of m(t) and m(W), the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Gupta, S, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative assessments and clinical outcomes in HER2 equivocal 2018 ASCO/CAP ISH group 4 breast cancer
- 2019
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Ingår i: NPJ breast cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2374-4677. ; 5, s. 28-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We quantified human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) RNA and protein expression in 2018 American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) in situ hybridization (ISH) group 4 (HER2/centromeric probe 17 (CEP17) ratio <2.0, average HER2 copy number ≥4.0 and <6.0, and 2013 ASCO/CAP ISH equivocal) breast cancers. Breast cancers in 2018 ASCO/CAP ISH group 4 between 2014 and 2017 were identified from the Yale archives. Sixty-three patients (34 with HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) 0/1+ and 29 with HER2 IHC 2+) were included. We compared patient characteristics, systemic treatments, and outcomes. We assessed HER2 by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF). Among ISH group 4 cancers, higher HER2 mRNA (P < 0.0001) but similar HER2 protein levels were observed in IHC 2+ compared to IHC 0/1+ cancers. The distribution of RT-qPCR and QIF scores were independent of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) ratio/copy number. Concordance between HER2 RT-qPCR and QIF was 69.8% (r = 0.52). Among 29 patients with IHC2+ results, 16 were HER2 positive by RT-qPCR and 12 were HER2 positive by QIF. Systemic treatment, recurrence, and survival outcomes were comparable among ISH group 4 cancers regardless of IHC 0/1+ or 2+ results. ISH group 4 cancers appear to form a distinct group with intermediate levels of RNA/protein expression, close to positive/negative cut points. Therefore, adjudication into positive or negative categories may not be meaningful. Our results support the 2018 ASCO/CAP recommendation to refrain from routine additional testing of these samples. Additional outcome information after trastuzumab treatment for patients in this special group might help to guide treatment decisions in these patients.
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