| 1. |
- Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
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| 2. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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| 3. |
- Do, Truong-Xuan, et al.
(författare)
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SDN-based Mobile Packet Core for Multicast and Broadcast Services
- 2018
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Ingår i: Wireless networks. - New York, USA : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1022-0038 .- 1572-8196. ; 24:5, s. 1715-1729
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current mobile packet core network is evolving to cope with the pressure of the mobile traffic explosion and the advent of new services. Software-defined networking (SDN) is currently being adopted as one of the promising drivers for redesigning the mobile packet core network toward a 5G network. SDN-based mobile packet core approaches are expected to deliver features, such as fast service deployment, flexibility, and capital expenditure and operational expenditure reduction within future 5G networks. However, current SDN-based mobile packet core approaches only focus on providing unicast services without considering multicast and broadcast services. In this article, we propose an efficient SDN-based mobile packet core network architecture for supporting multicast and broadcast services. The proposed architecture takes advantage of the SDN paradigm and enables multicast and broadcast service deployment. In addition, a new SDN-based multicast subscription procedure is introduced to reduce network bandwidth resources. By numerical analysis, our scheme improves the current multicast and broadcast solution in terms of signaling cost.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Nguyen, Van-Giang, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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A Deployable Containerized 5G Core Solution for Time Critical Communication in Smart Grid
- 2020
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Ingår i: 23rd Conference on Innovation in Clouds, Internet and Networks and Workshops, ICIN 2020. - : IEEE. - 9781728151274 ; , s. 153-155
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Communication within substatation automation systems in a smart grid environment is often time-critical. The time required for exchanging information between intelligent devices should be within a few milliseconds. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 standard has proposed the Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) protocol to achieve this goal. However, the transmission of GOOSE messages is often limited to a small Local Area Network (LAN). In this demo, we demonstrate the feasibility of using 5G for GOOSEbased time critical communication in a large-scale smart-grid environment, and present a deployable 5G core solution using container-based virtualization technology. The radio part of the demo is emulated. The demo also shows that the delay introduced by the core network is in the order of sub milliseconds, while the one-way delay without a real radio access network is less than 1 ms, which is well below the total delay budget for GOOSE.
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| 6. |
- Nguyen, Van-Giang, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive and Latency-aware Load Balancing for Control Plane Traffic in the 4G/5G Core
- 2021
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Ingår i: 2021 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit). - : IEEE Communications Society.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- For many years, the continuous proliferation of mobile devices and their applications generate a surge of signaling traffic in the control plane of the mobile packet core network. As a consequence, the control plane will potentially become a bottleneck if not properly managed. We focus on the load balancing of a virtualized and distributed Mobility Management Entity (vMME), which is the key control plane element in the 4G and 5G non-standalone cores. Most of existing works use the simple and static load balancing approaches such as roundrobin and consistent hashing, which do not work well in a heterogeneous environment. In this paper, we developed three adaptive algorithms in which the balancing decision takes into account the dynamics of the system such as the vMME load, the completion time of a request served by a vMME, and the number of pending requests queued at a vMME. The evaluation of our three proposed load-balancing algorithms in an Open5GCore testbed suggests that the latency-aware scheme helps shorten the completion time of the signaling requests by up to five times the static and dynamic schemes in those cases the link delay between the load balancer and the vMMEs differ significantly.
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| 7. |
- Nguyen, Van-Giang, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Evaluation of a Virtualized 5G Core for Smart Grid Applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: 16th Swedish National Computer Networking Workshop SNCNW 2020, Kristianstad, May 26-27, 2020. ; , s. 1-4
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- 5G with its great capabilities is believed to play a crucial role in different vertical sectors such as automotive, healthcare, and energy, etc. In this paper, we present a study on the adoption of 5G into a smart grid environment, in particular, a power grid substation automation system. In such a system, the communication between electrical devices is often within a few milliseconds. To verify the proposed solution, we conducted a set of experiments using the Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) protocol, a standard protocol used in power grid substation automation systems, over a virtualized 5G network. Our experimental results show that the delay introduced by the core network is in the order of sub milliseconds, while the one-way delay without a real radio access network, and without background traffic, is less than 1 ms. Moreover, these delays can be significantly reduced with a container-based deployment rather than a virtual machine-based one.
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| 8. |
- Nguyen, Van-Giang, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Load balancing for a Virtual and Distributed MME using Weighted Round Robin
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Fourteenth Swedish National Computer Networking Workshop (SNCNW).. - : SNCNW. ; , s. 1-4
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we aim at tackling the scalability ofthe Mobility Management Entity (MME) which is one of the key control plane entities of the 4G Evolved Packet Core (EPC). One of the solutions to this problem is to virtualize the MME by adopting the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technology and deploy it as a pool of virtualized instances (vMMEs) with a frontend load balancer. Although several designs have been proposed, a large part of them does not consider the load balancing aspect. To this end, we propose using a Weighted Round Robin (WRR) algorithm for balancing signaling load in a MME architecture. We implement and compare its performance to two currently used algorithms: random and round robin. Experimental results show that the WRR algorithm can significantly reduce the control plane latency as compared to the other two schemes.
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| 9. |
- Nguyen, Van-Giang, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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On Auto-scaling and Load Balancing for User-plane Functions in a Softwarized 5G Core
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2021 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management: Smart Management for Future Networks and Services, CNSM 2021. - : IEEE. - 9783903176362 ; , s. 132-138
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, the number of user plane functions has increased, and, in contrast to previous generations. They can be deployed in a decentralized way and auto-scaled independently from their control plane functions. Moreover, the performance of the user plane functions can be boosted with the adoption of advanced acceleration techniques such as Vector Packet Processing (VPP). However, the increased number of user plane functions has also made load balancing a necessity, something we find has so far received little attention. Moreover, the introduction of VPP poses a challenge to the design of the auto-scaling of user-plane functions. In this paper, we address these two challenges by proposing a novel performance indicator for making better auto-scaling decisions, and by proposing three new dynamic load-balancing algorithms for the user plane of a VPP-based, softwarized 5G network. The novel performance indicator is estimated based on the VPP vector rate, and is used as a threshold for the auto-scaling process. The dynamic load-balancing algorithms take into account the number of bearers allocated for each user plane function and their VPP vector rate. We validated and evaluated our proposed solution in a 5G testbed. Our experiment results show that the scaling helps to reduce the packet latency for the user plane traffic, and our proposed load-balancing algorithms seem to give a better distribution of traffic load as compared to traditional static algorithms.
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| 10. |
- Nguyen, Van-Giang, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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On Auto-scaling and Load Balancing for User-plane Gateways in a Softwarized 5G Network
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2021 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management. - : IEEE. - 9783903176362 ; , s. 132-138
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the fifth generation (SG) mobile networks, the number of user-plane gateways has increased, and, in contrast to previous generations they can be deployed in a decentralized way and auto-scaled independently from their control-plane functions. Moreover, the performance of the user-plane gateways can be boosted with the adoption of advanced acceleration techniques such as Vector Packet Processing (VPP). However, the increased number of user-plane gateways has also made load balancing a necessity, something we find has so far received little attention. Moreover, the introduction of VPP poses a challenge to the design of the auto-scaling of user- plane gateways. In this paper, we address these two challenges by proposing a novel performance indicator for making better auto-scaling decisions, and by proposing three new dynamic load- balancing algorithms for the user plane of a VPP-based, softwarized SG network. The novel performance indicator is estimated based on the VPP vector rate and is used as a threshold for the auto-scaling process. The dynamic load-balancing algorithms take into account the number of bearers allocated for each user-plane gateway and their VPP vector rate. We validate and evaluate our proposed solution in a SG testbed. Our experiment results show that the scaling helps to reduce the packet latency for the user-plane traffic, and that our proposed load-balancing algorithms can give a better distribution of traffic load as compared to traditional static algorithms.
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