| 1. |
- Anckarsäter, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
-
The impact of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders on temperament, character, and personality development.
- 2006
-
Ingår i: The American Journal of Psychiatry. - 0002-953X .- 1535-7228. ; 163:7, s. 1239-1244
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The authors describe personality development and disorders in relation to symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders. METHOD: Consecutive adults referred for neuropsychiatric investigation (N=240) were assessed for current and lifetime ADHD and autism spectrum disorders and completed the Temperament and Character Inventory. In a subgroup of subjects (N=174), presence of axis II personality disorders was also assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II). RESULTS: Patients with ADHD reported high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance. Patients with autism spectrum disorders reported low novelty seeking, low reward dependence, and high harm avoidance. Character scores (self-directedness and cooperativeness) were extremely low among subjects with neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating a high overall prevalence of personality disorders, which was confirmed with the SCID-II. Cluster B personality disorders were more common in subjects with ADHD, while cluster A and C disorders were more common in those with autism spectrum disorders. The overlap between DSM-IV personality disorder categories was high, and they seem less clinically useful in this context. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD and autism spectrum disorders are associated with specific temperament configurations and an increased risk of personality disorders and deficits in character maturation.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Gillberg, Christopher, 1950, et al.
(författare)
-
Co-existing disorders in ADHD -- implications for diagnosis and intervention.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X. ; 13 Suppl 1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: It is only recently that "comorbidity" in ADHD has come to the forefront as one of the most important aspects of the disorder. It is agreed that, often, these problems are at least as important as ADHD in contributing to the longer term outcome in the individual child. OBJECTIVE: To provide the reader with basic information about clinics and treatment of "comorbidity" in ADHD. METHOD: Review of the empirically based literature. RESULTS: ADHD exists in a surprisingly high frequency together with a broad range of child neuropsychiatric disorders. This is accompanied with many still unresolved treatment problems. CONCLUSION: It would not be appropriate to develop ADHD-services where clinicians would only have expertise in ADHD as such. Anyone working with children, adolescents and adults with ADHD would need to have training in general neuropsychiatry. Further research in this field is urgently needed.
|
|
| 6. |
- Niklasson, Lena, 1947
(författare)
-
22q11 Deletion Syndrome. Neuropsychological and Neuropsychiatric Correlates. A Clinical Study of 100 Cases
- 2007
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objectives: Examine the prevalence and type of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity-Disorder (AD/HD), Learning Disability (LD), behavioural profile, intellectual ability/profile, and executive function in 22q11 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) and to study the impact of AD/HD and ASD on these functions. Methods: One hundred individuals (58 female, 42 male; 1-35 years of age) with 22q11DS, confirmed by FISH analysis, were included. They were the first 100 referred 22q11DS cases, of whom 92 came from a multidisciplinary team as part of routine 22q11DS assessments, and 8 were referred directly to a Child Neuropsychiatric Clinic for learning and/or behaviour problems. Neuropsychological evaluation made use of a test battery designed to provide information concerning developmental/intellectual level and profile, visuomotor development, executive functions (planning ability and attention), and mentalisation skills. Neuropsychiatric assessments included structured and semistructured interviews with parent(s), an evaluation of the individual including psychiatric assessment, physical examination, and age-appropriate neurological examination. Parents completed the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire, the Conners Brief Parent Rating Scale, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Five To Fifteen (FTF) questionnaires. Comprehensive diagnoses of ASD and AD/HD were made by a psychiatrist according to the DSM-IV taking the results of the various examinations (interview, medical examinations, observation, and the FTF questionnaire) into account. Results: The prevalence of ASD and/or AD/HD with or without LD was 44%, of whom 21% had AD/HD ?only?, 14% ASD ?only?, and 9% a combination of these two diagnoses. In addition, 23% had LD ?only?, meaning that there were 33% without any of these diagnoses. Autistic disorder was found to be quite rare (5%). Other psychiatric diagnoses were found mainly among the adults. Altogether 51% met criteria for LD, and the mean IQ was 71 with a normal distribution around this mean. Higher IQ for females compared to males and a negative trend for IQ with increasing age were found. An overrepresentation of girls was found only in the group without ASD/AD/HD/LD. In the school age group and in the adult group significantly higher verbal IQ than performance IQ was found. In contrast, in the youngest group the lowest result was found in the ?Hearing and Speech? subscale (Griffiths? Mental scale) reflecting a delay in expressive language in the early years. The strength within the verbal area was mainly due to good Vocabulary. Deficits in performance ability were found. The intellectual and the visuomotor impairments were related to 22q11DS per se while the presence of ASD/AD/HD had a negative impact on planning ability in children. The ability to sustain attention was found to be critically impaired in school age children with 22q11DS. According to results of the questionnaires a variety of behaviour problems were reported. A characteristic combination of initiating difficulties and a ?lack of mental energy? was observed in the majority. Discussion and conclusions: The vast majority of all with 22q11DS had behaviour and/or learning problems and more than 40% met criteria for either ASD, AD/HD or both (even though typical autistic disorder was rather uncommon). Half the group had LD. The majority of the group with IQ in the normal to low normal range had learning difficulties. Many individuals with 22q11DS had social interaction difficulties that, in the presence of relatively good word skills, appeared to be related to initiation problems and language use deficits. Given the high rate and variety of problems found, a neuropsychiatric assessment, including neuropsychological testing, should be performed in all cases of 22q11DS. Such assessment will provide essential information about strengths and difficulties, crucial for providing optimal support for individuals with 22q11DS.
|
|
| 7. |
- Niklasson, Lena, 1947, et al.
(författare)
-
Attention deficits in children with 22q.11 deletion syndrome.
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. - 0012-1622. ; 47:12, s. 803-807
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined attention abilities of children with 22q.11 deletion syndrome. Thirty children (14 males, 16 females; age range 7 to 13y) were given comprehensive neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric assessments. Learning disability was found in 13 children. Superiority in verbal over performance IQ was very common. Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (mainly of inattentive subtype) was diagnosed in 13 children. There appeared to be a relation between low IQ and presence of autism spectrum problems. The presence of attention deficits was clearly supported by the scores on the Child Behavior Checklist and the Conners Questionnaire. On the Becker attention tests the reaction times were significantly longer in the two visual and auditory tests, indicating that the ability to sustain attention is critically impaired in this group. A tendency of inferiority on auditory compared with visual tests was noted but there were no specific problems with the focus-execute aspect of attention.
|
|
| 8. |
- Niklasson, Lena, 1947, et al.
(författare)
-
Autism, ADHD, mental retardation and behavior problems in 100 individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Research in Developmental Disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222. ; 30:4, s. 763-773
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assessed the prevalence and type of associated neuropsychiatric problems in children and adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. One-hundred consecutively referred individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome were given in-depth neuropsychiatric assessments and questionnaires screens. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were diagnosed in 44 cases. ASD was diagnosed in 23 cases of whom only 5 had autistic disorder. ADHD was diagnosed in 30 individuals. In nine of these cases with ASD or ADHD there was a combination of these diagnoses. Mental retardation (MR) with or without ASD/ADHD was diagnosed in 51 individuals. ASD, ADHD, and/or MR were present in 67 cases. Females had higher IQ than males. The results of this study showed that the vast majority of all individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome have behavior and/or learning problems and more than 40% meet criteria for either ASD, ADHD or both. Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological evaluations are indicated as parts of the routine clinical assessment of individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome.
|
|
| 9. |
- Niklasson, Lena, 1947, et al.
(författare)
-
The neuropsychology of 22q11 deletion syndrome. A neuropsychiatric study of 100 individuals.
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Research in Developmental Disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222. ; 31:1, s. 185-194
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The primary objective of this study was to study the impact of ASD/ADHD on general intellectual ability and profile, executive functions and visuo-motor skills in children and adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). A secondary aim was to study if gender, age, heart disease, ASD, ADHD or ASD in combination with ADHD had an impact on general intellectual ability and profile. One hundred consecutively referred individuals aged 1-35 years with 22q11DS were given in-depth neuropsychological assessments. Mean full scale IQ was 71 with a normal distribution around this mean. Higher IQ for females than males, and a negative trend for IQ with higher age were found. Intellectual impairment, as well as visuo-motor dysfunction, was found to be related to 22q11DS per se and not to ASD/ADHD. In the area of executive function, the presence of ASD/ADHD predicted poor planning ability in the children in the study.
|
|
| 10. |
- Nydén, Agneta, 1945, et al.
(författare)
-
Adults with Asperger syndrome with and without a cognitive profile associated with “non-verbal learning disability.” A brief report
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-9467. ; 4:4, s. 612-618
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Asperger syndrome (AS) and non-verbal learning disability (NLD) are both characterized by impairments in motor coordination, visuo-perceptual abilities, pragmatics and comprehension of language and social understanding. NLD is also defined as a learning disorder affecting functions in the right cerebral hemisphere. The present study investigates if individuals with AS and a cognitive profile consistent with NLD (i.e. verbal IQ > performance IQ) would also have other problems inherent in NLD, visual memory and attention, reading/writing ability and arithmetic in the presence of preserved verbal memory and attention. Forty-four individuals with AS were assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests. Reading/writing and arithmetic abilities were investigated. Education and global social adaptive levels were studied. Very few AS participants, even though with NLD cognitive profile showed problems with any of the neurocognitive abilities or academic achievements. However, all had poor global social adaptive functioning and few had paid employment, regardless of their cognitive profile. The present study suggests that AS and NLD are two different conditions even though some individuals in both groups have the verbal IQ > performance IQ profile that has been proposed to be typical of both AS and NLD.
|
|
