| 1. |
- Fredenberg, Erik, PhD, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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A low-absorption x-ray energy filter for small-scale applications
- 2009
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Ingår i: Optics Express. - : The Optical Society. - 1094-4087. ; 17:14, s. 11388-11398
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present an experimental and theoretical evaluation of an x-ray energy filter based on the chromatic properties of a prism-array lens (PAL). It is intended for small-scale applications such as medical imaging. The PAL approximates a Fresnel lens and allows for high efficiency compared to filters based on ordinary refractive lenses, however at the cost of a lower energy resolution. Geometrical optics was found to provide a good approximation for the performance of a flawless lens, but a field-propagation model was used for quantitative predictions. The model predicted a 0.29 ΔE/E energy resolution and an intensity gain of 6.5 for a silicon PAL at 23.5 keV. Measurements with an x-ray tube showed good agreement with the model in energy resolution and peak energy, but a blurred focal line contributed to a 29% gain reduction. We believe the blurring to be caused mainly by lens imperfections, in particular at the periphery of the lens.
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| 2. |
- Fredenberg, Erik, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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An efficient pre-object collimator based on an x-ray lens
- 2009
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Ingår i: Medical physics (Lancaster). - : Wiley. - 0094-2405. ; 36:2, s. 626-633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multiprism lens (MPL) is a refractive x-ray lens with one-dimensional focusing properties. If used as a pre-object collimator in a scanning system for medical x-ray imaging, it reduces the divergence of the radiation and improves on photon economy compared to a slit collimator. Potential advantages include shorter acquisition times, a reduced tube loading, or improved resolution. We present the first images acquired with a MPL in a prototype for a scanning mammography system. The lens showed a gain of flux of 1.32 compared to a slit collimator at equal resolution, or a gain in resolution of 1.31–1.44 at equal flux. We expect the gain of flux in a clinical setup with an optimized MPL and a custom-made absorption filter to reach 1.67, or 1.45–1.54 gain in resolution.
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| 3. |
- Fredenberg, Erik, PhD, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Imaging with multi-prism x-ray lenses
- 2008
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Ingår i: Medical Imaging 2008 - Physics of Medical Imaging. - : SPIE. - 9780819470973 ; , s. 91308-91308
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The multi-prism lens (MPL) is a refractive x-ray lens consisting of two rows of prisms facing each other at an angle. Rays entering the lens at the periphery will encounter a larger number of prisms than will central ones, hence experiencing a greater refraction. The focusing effect of the MPL can be used to gather radiation from a large aperture onto a smaller detector, and accordingly to make better use of the available x-ray flux in medical x-ray imaging. Potential advantages of a better photon economy include shorter acquisition times, a reduced tube loading, or an improved resolution. Since the focusing effect is one-dimensional it matches the design of scanning systems. In this study we present the first images acquired with an MPL instead of the pre-breast slit collimator in a scanning mammography system. According to the measurements, the MPL is able to increase the flux 32% at equal resolution compared to the slit collimator, or to improve the resolution 2.4 mm(-1) at equal flux. If used with a custom-made absorption filter in a clinical set-up, the gain of flux of the MPL is expected to be at least 45%, and the corresponding improvement in resolution to be 3 mm(-1).
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| 4. |
- Mi, Wujun, 1986-
(författare)
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A Stacked Prism Lens Concept for Next-Generation Hard X-Ray Telescopes
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Over the past half century, the focusing X-ray telescope has played a very prominent role in X-ray astronomy at the frontier of fundamental physics. The finer angular resolution and increased effective area have enabled more and more exciting discoveries and detailed studies of the high-energy universe, including the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) radiation, black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGN), galaxy clusters, supernova remnants, and so on. At present, nearly all the state-of-the-art focusing X-ray telescopes are based on Wolter-I optics or its variations, for which the throughput is severely restricted by the mirror’s surface roughness, figure error, alignment error, and so on.Within the course of this work, we have developed a novel point-focusing refractive lens, the stacked prism lens (SPL), which is built by stacking disks embedded with various number of prismatic rings. As a Fresnel-like X-ray lens, it could provide a significantly higher efficiency and larger effective aperture than the conventional compound refractive lenses (CRLs). The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the feasibility of the stacked prism lens and investigate the application to a next-generation hard X-ray telescope.First, SU-8 prototype lenses are fabricated by focused ultraviolet (UV) lithography, for which a UV lens is used as a photomask to form 3D patterns in the photoresist. The UV lens is homemade by grayscale electron beam lithography (EBL), and a proximity effect correction (PEC) method based on multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) ensures accurate control of the desired UV lens profile. The details of the whole fabrication process are described, and the fabrication results are discussed. Following that, the completed stacked prism lenses are characterized in the synchrotron radiation facility, and the results show the expected performance.Finally, a hard X-ray focusing telescope concept based on the proposed stacked prism lens array is presented. The performance, in terms of angular resolution, effective collecting area, field of view (FOV), mass and so on, is investigated by self-developed simulation software based on ray-tracing method and compared with the current Wolter telescopes. The results suggest that the proposed stacked prism lens is a promising candidate for next-generation hard X-ray telescope with high angular resolution and large effective collecting area.
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| 5. |
- Mi, Wujun, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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A stacked prism lens concept for next-generation hard X-ray telescopes
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Astronomy. - United Kingdom : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-3366.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective collecting area, angular resolution, field of view and energy response are fundamental attributes of X-ray telescopes. The performance of state-of-the-art telescopes is currently restricted by Wolter optics, especially for hard X-rays. Here we report the development of a stacked prism lens (SPL), which is lightweight and modular and has the potential for a significant improvement in effective area, while retaining high angular resolution. The proposed optics are built by stacking disks embedded with prismatic rings, created with photoresist by focused ultraviolet lithography. We demonstrate the SPL approach using a prototype lens that was manufactured and characterized at a synchrotron radiation facility. The design of a potential satellite-borne X-ray telescope is outlined and the performance is compared with contemporary missions.
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| 6. |
- Mi, Wujun, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient proximity effect correction method based on multivariate adaptive regression splines for grayscale e-beam lithography
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B. - United States : American Vacuum Society. - 1071-1023 .- 1520-8567. ; 32:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Grayscale electron beam lithography is an important technique to manufacture three-dimensional (3D) micro- and nano-structures, such as diffractive optical devices and Fresnel lenses. However, the proximity effect due to the scattering of electrons may cause significant error to the desired 3D structure. Conventional proximity correction methods depend on the exposure energy distribution which sometimes is difficult to obtain. In this study, the authors develop a novel proximity effect correction method based on multivariate adaptive regression splines, which takes exposure energy and development into consideration simultaneously. To evaluate the method, a Fresnel lens was fabricated through simulation and experiment. The measurements demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the method.
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| 7. |
- Mi, Wujun, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrication of circular sawtooth gratings using focused UV lithography
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0960-1317 .- 1361-6439. ; 26:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AbstractThis paper presents a novel micro-fabrication method using focused ultraviolet (UV) light to manufacture three-dimensional sawtooth structures in ultra-thick negative photoresist to fabricate a novel multi-prism x-ray lens. The method uses a lens to shape the UV beam instead of the photomask conventionally used in UV lithography. Benefits of this method include the ability to manufacture sawtooth structures in free form, for example in circular shapes as well as arrays of these shapes, and in resist that is up to 76 μm thick.To verify the method, initially a simple simulation based on Fourier optics was done to predict the exposure energy distribution in the photoresist. Furthermore, circular sawtooth gratings were manufactured in a 76 μm SU-8 resist. The UV lens was fabricated using electron beam lithography and then used to expose the SU-8 with UV light. This paper details the complete developed process, including pre-exposure with an e-beam and cold development, which creates stable sawtooth structures. The measured profile was compared to the ideal sawtooth and the simulation. The main discrepancy was in the smallest feature size, the sawtooth tips, which were wider than the desired structures, as would be expected by simulation.
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| 8. |
- Nillius, Peter
(författare)
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Geometric scattering in prism-array lenses for hard x-rays : Measurements, simulations and models
- 2012
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Ingår i: X-Ray Optics And Microanalysis. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 9780735410275 ; , s. 111-115
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work investigates the properties of off-axis focusing of prism-array lenses. Raytracing simulations are in agreement with measurements on a planar silicon prism-array lens at 13.4 keV. The simulations show that refractions and reflections on the paraxial side of the prisms cause scattering. This geometric scattering is the main impacting factor when focusing sources that are off the optical axis. For low-attenuating materials it also limits the effective aperture on axis. A new analytical model that is able to predict the amount of scattering is presented. Such a model is for example useful when optimising optical systems, but also to understand the limits and possibilities prism-array lenses.
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| 9. |
- Nillius, Peter, 1969-
(författare)
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Image Analysis using the Physics of Light Scattering
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Any generic computer vision algorithm must be able to copewith the variations in appearance of objects due to differentillumination conditions. While these variations in the shadingof a surface may seem a nuisance, they in fact containinformation about the world. This thesis tries to provide anunderstanding what information can be extracted from theshading in a single image and how to achieve this. One of thechallenges lies in finding accurate models for the wide varietyof conditions that can occur. Frequency space representations are powerful tools foranalyzing shading theoretically. Surfaces act as low-passfilters on the illumination making the reflected lightband-limited. Hence, it can be represented by a finite numberof components in the Fourier domain, despite having arbitraryillumination. This thesis derives a basis for shading byrepresenting the illumination in spherical harmonics and theBRDF in a basis for isotropic reflectance. By analyzing thecontributing variance of this basis it is shown how to createfinite dimensional representations for any surface withisotropic reflectance. The finite representation is used to analytically derive aprincipal component analysis (PCA) basis of the set of imagesdue to the variations in the illumination and BRDF. The PCA isperformed model-based so that the variations in the images aredescribed by the variations in the illumination and the BRDF.This has a number of advantages. The PCA can be performed overa wide variety of conditions, more than would be practicallypossible if the images were captured or rendered. Also, thereis an explicit mapping between the principal components and theillumination and BRDF so that the PCA basis can be used as aphysical model. By combining a database of captured illumination and adatabase of captured BRDFs a general basis for shading iscreated. This basis is used to investigate materialclassification from a single image with known geometry butarbitrary unknown illumination. An image is classified byestimating the coecients in this basis and comparing them to adatabase. Experiments on synthetic data show that materialclassification from reflectance properties is hard. There aremis-classifications and the materials seem to cluster intogroups. The materials are grouped using a greedy algorithm.Experiments on real images show promising results. Keywords:computer vision, shading, illumination,reflectance, image irradiance, frequency space representations,spherical harmonics, analytic PCA, model-based PCA, materialclassification, illumination estimation
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| 10. |
- Nillius, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Large-aperture focusing of high-energy x rays with a rolled polyimide film
- 2011
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Ingår i: Optics Letters. - 0146-9592 .- 1539-4794. ; 36:4, s. 555-557
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe a point-focusing x-ray lens made of a rolled polyimide film with etched prisms. The resulting lens is a cylinder with a large number of prisms forming an internal conic structure. The method allows for the manufacturing of lenses with large apertures and short focal lengths, for energies up to at least 100 keV. In order to evaluate the concept, we have hand-rolled a few lenses and evaluated them at a synchrotron source. The measured performance of the prototype is promising, and deviations from the theoretical limits are quantitatively explained. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America
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