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- Lindström, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Schizofreni - läkemedelsbehandling, patientens delaktighet och vårdens organisation : En systematisk litteraturöversikt
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Schizofreni är i de flesta fall en kronisk och invalidiserande psykisk sjukdom. Antipsykotiska läkemedel (neuroleptika) är namnet på den grupp läkemedel som är avsedd att lindra de psykotiska symtomen som uppstår vid schizofreni. Antipsykotiska läkemedel kan indelas i första generationens antipsykotika och andra generationens antipsykotika. Denna litteraturöversikt kompletterar SBU:s systematiska översikt från år 1997 med en granskning av andra generationens antipsykotika. I översikten ingår också ett kapitel om den kunskap man idag har om hur personer med schizofreni upplever sin medverkan och sin delaktighet i behandling och vård. Dessutom ingår ett kapitel där man undersökt värdet av integrerade vårdformer för personer med olika psykiatriska tillstånd där huvuddelen av dem har schizofreni.
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- Dave, Göran, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Sediment toxicity in the Kattegat and Skagerrak
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health. - 0925-1014. ; 3:3, s. 193-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sediments were sampled from 62 sites in the Kattegat and Skagerrak, which are located between the Baltic and the North Sea in the Western Atlantic, during autumn 1989 and spring 1990. From each site 5 to 6 samples were taken wit ha box-corer. After mixing to composite samples on board, transport and storage (at 4 °C for 2 to 4 weeks), the samples were tested for toxicity to Daphnia magna and Nitocra spinipes. Immobility in Daphnia after exposure to 16 percent sediment (wet wt) in reconstituted standardized water (ISO, 1982) ranged from 0 to 88 percent after 24 h and from 3 to 95 percent after 48 h. For Nitocra the toxicity, determined as the 96-h LC50 (% wet wt) at 7‰ salinity, ranged from > > 32 percent (nontoxic) to 1.8 percent (most toxic). All exposures were made in duplicates and the effects obtained in the duplicates with the same sediment were correlated to each other. However, sediment toxicity to Daphnia and Nitocra was not. The test with Nitocra, which was made at several concentrations of sediment, was considered to give the most reliable picture of sediment toxicity in the Kattegat and Skagerrak. This ambient toxicity assessment identified three areas with toxic sediment, (1) the Göta älv estuary (outside the city of Göteborg) and its surroundings, (2) the Bay of Laholm in southern Kattegat, which is an area with periodic oxygen depletion and where repeated mussel kills have occurred during the last decade, and (3) an area in the open Skagerrak northwest of Skagen (the tip of the Jutland peninsula). Sediments, which had been stored at 4 °C, were tested again after 6 to 13 mos with the Nitocra test. Stored sediment toxicity was poorly correlated with fresh sediment toxicity. The average detoxification during storage was 5 times, but the range was 3 orders of magnitude, from 17 times more toxic to 73 times less toxic. The reasons for the observed areal and storage differences in sediment toxicity are so far not understood.
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- Dave, Göran, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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The contribution of cobalt and manganese to the acute and chronic toxicity of sediments from Lake Molnbyggen and adjacent lakes around Leksand, Sweden.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management. - : Michigan State University Press. - 1463-4988 .- 1539-4077. ; 7:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of studies of pollutants and their effects on the fish fauna of Lake Molnbyggen outside Leksand, Sweden have been focused on leachate from the municipal landfill (Lindbodarna), which is located above the lake. The aim of the present study was to test the toxicity of sediment from Molnbyggen and some adjacent lakes, in order to see if this could explain the causes of the effects on the fish. The sampling sites were selected in co-operation with the project group at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to make the results more easily comparable with those from other studies on the fish fauna in the area. Both acute and chronic tests were made with the crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia, and the sediment samples were equilibrated with standard reference water prior to exposure. The exposures were made under standard conditions in the laboratory to make them more readily comparable between the sampling locations and with previous studies. The effects on survival and reproduction were monitored during 8 days. After that a series of Toxicity Identification Evaluation manipulations of the tested waters were made in order to identify the cause(s) of the toxicity. The results from the Toxicity Identification Evaluation tests pointed towards heavy metals as the cause of toxicity, and the analytical results of heavy metals in the water phase showed that the concentrations of six metals (Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were significantly correlated with toxicity. The concentrations of these metals were also correlated with each other making it hard to separate cause and effect among the metals. However, the concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn were below the expected effect concentrations, but the measured concentrations of Co and Mn were high enough to be probable causes of the observed experimental toxicity. There was no indication that lipophilic compounds should have caused these effects. Therefore, the result of this study was rather surprising, showing that heavy metals like cobalt and/or manganese which are not generally considered as environmentally problematic may be of environmental concern. Potential effects of cobalt and manganese could be mediated through the olfactory system, because both these metals have been observed to affect this system in fish. However, the link between such effects and those observed on reproduction in Lake Molnbyggen is vague.
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- Ek, Helene, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of TNT leakage from dumped ammunition on fish and invertebrates in static brackish water systems
- 2008
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Ingår i: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. ; 69:1, s. 104-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the present study was to study the release and effect of TNT from dumped ammunition. Cleaved artillery shells were placed in static brackish water systems for 5 months, and another 12 months with 5 cm sediment burial. The toxicity was determined in bioassays with crustaceans (Nitocra spinipes and Hyalella azteca) and/or European flounder (Platichtys flesus). The water phase was analysed for TNT using colorimetric method and GC-MS. This study showed a rapid release of TNT to acutely toxic concentrations when the cleaved ammuniton was not covered with sediment under static conditions, but that the release was effectively inhibited by sediment burial of the artillery shells. Hence, at least in a short-term perspective, acute adverse effects of sediment-buried ammunition on aquatic organisms should be greatly reduced.
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- Ek, Helene, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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TNT leakage through sediment to water and toxicity to Nitocra spinipes
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0147-6513. ; 67:3, s. 341-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fate and effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at marine ammunition dumping sites are essentially unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the release from solid TNT to seawater when covered by sediment of two different types (sandy and fine-grained) and thickness (0, 1, 2, and 4 cm), under different temperatures (5, 10, and 20 °C), and light conditions (ambient daylight and darkness) in the laboratory. The water column was analysed for TNT and some of its common transformation products, and toxicity to the copepod Nitocra spinipes after 1, 2, 4, 8, 19, and 32 weeks. Leakage of TNT to seawater and the toxicity to N. spinipes was significantly reduced by sediment burial, especially in fine-grained sediment. Hence, this study suggests that adverse effects of TNT in dumped ammunition on aquatic organisms should be delayed/reduced at low temperature and when TNT is covered sediment, especially with fine-grained sediment.
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