| 1. |
- Apitanyasai, Kantamas, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of a hemocyte homeostasis-associated-like protein (HHAP) in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus
- 2016
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Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 58, s. 429-435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hemocyte homeostasis-associated-like protein (HHAP) in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus has a distinct role from that of its homolog PmHHAP in the shrimp Penaeus monodon. Knockdown of PIHHAP in vitro using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) had no effect on the cell morphology of hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cells. The total hemocyte number and caspase activity were unchanged after PIHHAP knockdown in vivo, in contrast to the results found in shrimp. Moreover, suppression of PIHHAP both in vitro and in vivo did not change the mRNA levels of some genes involved in hematopoiesis and hemocyte homeostasis. Interestingly, bacterial count and scanning electron microscope revealed that depletion of PIHHAP in intestine by RNAi resulted in higher number of bacteria in the crayfish intestine. Together, these results suggest that PIHHAP is not involved in hemocyte homeostasis in the crayfish P. leniusculus but appears to affect the bacterial number in the intestine through an unknown mechanism. Since PIHHAP has different functions from PmHHAP, we therefore named it HHAP-like protein.
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| 2. |
- Benton, Jeanne, et al.
(författare)
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Cells from the Immune System Generate Adult-Born Neurons in Crayfish
- 2014
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Ingår i: Developmental Cell. - : Cell Press. - 1534-5807 .- 1878-1551. ; 30:3, s. 322-333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurogenesis is an ongoing process in the brains of adult decapod crustaceans. However, the first-generation precursors that produce adult-born neurons, which reside in a neurogenic niche, are not self-renewing in crayfish and must be replenished. The source of these neuronal precursors is unknown. Here, we report that adult-born neurons in crayfish can be derived from hemocytes. Following adoptive transfer of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU)-labeled hemocytes, labeled cells populate the neurogenic niche containing the first-generation neuronal precursors. Seven weeks after adoptive transfer, EdU-labeled cells are located in brain clusters 9 and 10 (where adult-born neurons differentiate) and express appropriate neurotransmitters. Moreover, the number of cells composing the neurogenic niche in crayfish is tightly correlated with total hemocyte counts (THCs) and can be manipulated by raising or lowering THC. These studies identify hemocytes as a source of adult-born neurons in crayfish and demonstrate that the immune system is a key contributor to adult neurogenesis.
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| 3. |
- Hernandez-Perez, Ariadne, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental concentrations of sulfamethoxazole increase crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus susceptibility to White Spot Syndrome Virus
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 102, s. 177-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibiotics used for humans and livestock are emerging as pollutants in aquatic environments. However, little is known about their effect on aquatic organisms, especially in crustaceans. In the present study, the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus was exposed during 21 days to environmental concentrations of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) (100 ng/L and 1 mu g/L). Subsequently, the crayfish susceptibility to infection was evaluated by using White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) challenge, a well-known crustacean pathogen. The median survival time of the infected crayfish exposed to 100 ng/L SMX was one day, whereas the control and the group exposed to 1 mu g/L SMX survived for two and three days, respectively. In order to elucidate the effect of SMX upon the crayfish immune response, new sets of crayfish were exposed to the same SMX treatments to evaluate mRNA levels of immune-related genes which are expressed and present in hemocytes and intestine, and to perform total and differential hemocyte counts. These results show a significant down-regulation of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) Crustin 3 in hemocytes from the 100 ng/L SMX group, as well as a significant up-regulation of the AMP Crustin 1 in intestines from the 1 mu g/L SMX group. Semigranular and total hemocyte cell number were observed to be significantly lower after exposure to 100 ng/L SMX in comparison with the control group. The present study demonstrates that environmentally relevant SMX concentrations in the water at 100 ng/L led to an increased WSSV susceptibility, that may have been caused by a reduction of circulating hemocytes. Nevertheless, SMX concentrations of 1 mu g/L could marginally and for a few days have an immunostimulatory effect.
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| 4. |
- Jearaphunt, Miti, et al.
(författare)
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Caspase-1-like regulation of the proPO-system and role of ppA and caspase-1-like cleaved peptides from proPO in innate immunity
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLoS Pathogens. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7366 .- 1553-7374. ; 10:4, s. e1004059-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Invertebrates rely on innate immunity to respond to the entry of foreign microorganisms. One of the important innate immune responses in arthropods is the activation of prophenoloxidase (proPO) by a proteolytic cascade finalized by the proPO-activating enzyme (ppA), which leads to melanization and the elimination of pathogens. Proteolytic cascades play a crucial role in innate immune reactions because they can be triggered more quickly than immune responses that require altered gene expression. Caspases are intracellular proteases involved in tightly regulated limited proteolysis of downstream processes and are also involved in inflammatory responses to infections for example by activation of interleukin 1ß. Here we show for the first time a link between caspase cleavage of proPO and release of this protein and the biological function of these fragments in response to bacterial infection in crayfish. Different fragments from the cleavage of proPO were studied to determine their roles in bacterial clearance and antimicrobial activity. These fragments include proPO-ppA, the N-terminal part of proPO cleaved by ppA, and proPO-casp1 and proPO-casp2, the fragments from the N-terminus after cleavage by caspase-1. The recombinant proteins corresponding to all three of these peptide fragments exhibited bacterial clearance activity in vivo, and proPO-ppA had antimicrobial activity, as evidenced by a drastic decrease in the number of Escherichia coli in vitro. The bacteria incubated with the proPO-ppA fragment were agglutinated and their cell morphology was altered. Our findings show an evolutionary conserved role for caspase cleavage in inflammation, and for the first time show a link between caspase induced inflammation and melanization. Further we give a more detailed understanding of how the proPO system is regulated in time and place and a role for the peptide generated by activation of proPO as well as for the peptides resulting from Caspase 1 proteolysis.
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| 5. |
- Junkunlo, Kingkamon, et al.
(författare)
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PDGF/VEGF-related receptor affects transglutaminase activity to control cell migration during crustacean hematopoiesis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Stem Cells and Development. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1547-3287 .- 1557-8534. ; 26:20, s. 1449-1459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, a tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor whose ligand is PDGF, is crucial in the transduction of extracellular signals into cells and mediates numerous processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. We demonstrate the important roles of a receptor TK related to the PDGF/VEGF family protein (PVR) in controlling hematopoietic progenitor cell migration by affecting extracellular transglutaminase (TGase) activity. Pl_PVR1, GenBank accession No. KY444650, is highly expressed in hemocytes and the hematopoietic tissue (HPT). Sunitinib malate was used to block the PVF/PVR downstream pathway in HPT cell culture. The addition of Sunitinib also caused the HPT cells to increase in size and begin spreading. An increase in extracellular TGase activity on the HPT cell membrane was observed in a dose-dependent manner after treatment with Sunitinib malate. The presence of crude Ast1 provided a combinatorial beneficial effect that enhanced the number of spreading cells after inhibition of the Pl_PVR downstream signaling cascade. In addition, an increased immunoreactivity for beta-tubulin and elongation of beta-tubulin filaments were found in Pl_PVR signaling-inhibited cells. The potential roles of PVF/PVR signaling in controlling progenitor cell activity during hematopoiesis in crayfish were investigated and discussed.
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| 6. |
- Junkunlo, Kingkamon, et al.
(författare)
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Reactive oxygen species affect transglutaminase activity and regulate hematopoiesis in a crustacean
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 291:34, s. 17593-17601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as a prime signal in the commitment to hematopoiesis in both mammals and Drosophila. In this study, the potential function of ROS during hematopoiesis in the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus was examined. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was used to decrease ROS in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. An increase in ROS was observed in the anterior proliferation center (APC) after LPS injection. In the absence of NAC, the LPS-induced increase in ROS levels resulted in the rapid restoration of the circulating hemocyte number. In the presence of NAC, a delay in the recovery rate of the hemocyte number was observed. NAC treatment also blocked the spread of APC and other hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cells, maintaining these cells at an undifferentiated stage. Extracellular transglutaminase (TGase) has been shown previously to play a role in maintaining HPT cells in an undifferentiated form. In this study, we show that extracellular TGase activity increased when the ROS level in HPT or APC cells was reduced after NAC treatment. In addition, collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix and a TGase substrate were co-localized on the HPT cell surface. Taken together, the results of this study show that ROS are involved in crayfish hematopoiesis, in which a low ROS level is required to maintain hematopoietic progenitor cells in the tissue and to reduce hemocyte release. The potential roles of TGase in this process are investigated and discussed.
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| 7. |
- Junkunlo, Kingkamon
(författare)
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Regulation of hematopoiesis in the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus : role of transglutaminase
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, has been used as a model for studying hematopoiesis or blood cell production or hematopoiesis and immunity. The work of this thesis aims to investigate the impact of factors such as ROS signaling, Ast1, and the PVF/PVR signaling pathway in controlling stem cell behavior during hematopoiesis and specifically the role of the crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase (TGase) in regulation of hematopoiesis.The role of ROS in crayfish hematopoiesis was characterized by using the antioxidant named NAC to inhibit ROS production. Low ROS level resulted in a prolonged decrease in hemocyte numbers and a combined injection of LPS and NAC caused a slower rate of new hemocyte production. A low ROS level in cell cultures supplemented with crude Ast1 was found to inhibit cell spreading and a high extracellular TGase activity was detected on the surfaces of APC and HPT cells. We suggest that ROS serves as a prime signal to control proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells by affecting extracellular TGase activity. We reported an inhibitory effect of Ast1 on TGase enzyme activity and on its crosslinking activity and consequently Ast1 affects the clot formation and thus coagulation by inhibiting the crosslinking activity of the TGase enzyme. Secretion of the clot protein (CP) and the production of CP filament network between spreading cells were observed in HPT cell cultures in vitro. In the presence of CP together with Ast1 in 3D-collagen-I cultures, HPT cells were found to be more elongated and they formed chains of cells throughout the surrounding matrix. In the HPT tissue, CP was located around the HPT cells or around the lobules of HPT, and thus, CP was demonstrated to be a part of ECM and to possibly function together with collagen in generating a suitable environment for HPT progenitor cells. The inhibition of PVF/PVR downstream signaling pathway by Sunitinib malate resulted in a dramatic change of cell morphology and induction of an increase cell surface area during cell culture. The addition of crude Ast1 into the cell cultures in vitro enhanced this effect. Consequently, cell migration was stimulated and a high extracellular TGase activity on HPT cell surface was found after this inhibition. In conclusion, the work in this thesis provides new insight in understanding the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and extracellular TGase activity in controlling stem cell activity.
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| 8. |
- Korkut, Gül Gizem, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of an active and inactive clip-domain Serine Protease Isolated from Signal Crayfish in an insect cell line
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study, we aimed to elucidate the cleavage specificity and endogenous substrate of a clip-domain serine protease from the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (PlcSP). This serine protease can bind to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and is important for the entry of WSSV into the hematopoietic tissue (HPT). In order to understand its intrinsic role in the serine protease cascade, we wanted to use substrate phage display method to clarify cleavage specificity of PlcSP. Firstly, we aimed to make recombinant active and inactive forms of this PlcSP using human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293) however PlcSP appeared to be toxic for mammalian cells and we were not able to express this crustacean protein. However, we were able to express these recombinantPlcSP both in their zymogenic and active forms in Sf9 insect cell line.
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| 9. |
- Korkut, Gül Gizem, 1986-
(författare)
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Interaction between crayfish and some microorganisms; Effect of temperature
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Innate immunity, which constitutes the first line of defense in vertebrates, is the only immune system that invertebrates rely on to protect themselves from pathogens. The invertebrate immune system is composed of cellular and humoral components. Cellular immunity is phagocytosis, opsonization and encapsulation. The humoral part is mainly composed of the events taking place upon secretion of granules and the enzymes within that lead to the lysis of the pathogen by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the melanization cascade. The Prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system is an important pathway that is stored in the granules of semigranular and granular hemocytes (blood cells). These cells will degranulate and release the proPO system when activated upon pathogen recognition. This cascade results in the melanization reaction and to trap and eliminate pathogens. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a deadly pathogen mainly targeting crustaceans and causing huge economic losses since its first emergence in 1992 in Taiwan. It is known that WSSV disables the immune system of the host by interfering with the proPO cascade. Temperature is a restricting factor for the WSSV infections however it is not known if its affects are on host immunity or on the virus itself.With the aim of elucidating WSSV infection, we studied the virus entry mechanisms. By crosslinking WSSV with the hemocytes we showed that a new clip-domain serine protease (PlcSP) plays an important role during the WSSV infection in crayfish by means of interacting with WSSV envelope protein VP28. Moreover, we have shown that the viral entry is inhibited at cold temperatures due to temperature’s inhibitory effect on PlcSP expression. We also showed that by slowing down of the host’s metabolism hence proliferation in host tissue either by low temperature or cell cycle inhibitors, we could inhibit WSSV replication once it has entered the host cell. We tested if the temperature effects host or pathogen, or both, we investigated the mortalities, phagocytosis, bacterial clearance, total hemocyte counts, degranulation and melanization rate of crayfish under a cold and warm temperature by using two strains of gram-negative bacteria and LPS. It is apparent that the cellular immunity is more effective at low temperature while the humoral immunity can become overactivated and toxic for the host at higher temperature. Furthermore, we aimed to study the cleavage specificity for PlcSP since it is predicted to be secreted from hemocytes and takes part in the serine protease cascade during melanization reaction.
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| 10. |
- Korkut, Gül Gizem, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of temperature on bacteria-host interactions in the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2011 .- 1096-0805. ; 157, s. 67-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water temperature is known to affect many aspects of aquatic life including immune responses and susceptibility to diseases. In this context, we studied the effect of temperature on the defense system of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Animals were challenged with two pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas gessardii, as well as the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at two different temperatures, cold (6 °C) and room temperature (22 °C). The immune responses were compared by means of differences in mortality, phagocytosis, bacterial clearance, and the melanization reaction of the hemolymph at these two temperatures. We observed that crayfish survival was higher at cold temperature. The mortality rate was zero at 6 °C following A. hydrophila or LPS injections. Furthermore, the bacteria were completely cleared from crayfish after they had been held at 6 °C for more than 9 days. We also observed a strong melanization reaction of hemolymph at 22 °C when stimulated with LPS, as well as with bacteria. Taken together, our results suggest that the cellular immunity is more effective at low temperature in this cold-adapted animal and pathogens are efficiently removed from the body by mean of phagocytosis.
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