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- Bengtsson, Ingemar, et al.
(author)
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Insidesaktivism som en strategi att kontrollera produktionsmedlen? : - Ett exempel från skogsbruket
- 2021
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I artikeln integreras begreppet insidesaktivism med det bredare begreppet rent-seeking och insikter i hur transaktionskostnaderna är avgörande för hur produktion organiseras. Ansatsen är att förstå vilken roll insidesaktivismen spelar för produktionens organisering. För att uppnå detta konstrueras en modell över produktionens organisering som utgår från konsumenten som avgörande aktör och där insidesaktivism ingår som en av flera möjliga strategier för konsumenten att komma i åtkomst av önskad konsumtion. I arbetet utnyttjas som exempel aktuella konflikter i Sverige om hur skogsbruket ska bedrivas, vilket möjliggör en mer konkret framställning av den framtagna modellen samt ger vissa insikter i konflikternas natur. Med hjälp av modellen kan också insidesaktivsmens troliga effekter diskuteras, med utgångspunkt i den aktuella konflikten, och det konstateras att det finns tre olika slags risker med insidesaktivism, risker ur perspektiven av samhällsekonomisk effektivitet respektive demokratiska och rättsliga principer.
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- Norén, Eric, et al.
(author)
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Den inte så svartvita juridiken
- 2018
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In: Samhällsbyggaren. - 2000-2408. ; 2018:1, s. 36-39
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 6. |
- Norén, Eric
(author)
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Intrång i och reglering av äganderätten till mark : En metod och en studie av markåtkomstregler i Sverige
- 2023. - 1
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Private property rights are a central and important institution in the society. These rights are a prerequisite for individuals to have incentives to invest in their properties, be able to trade with each other, economic growth and more. In some situations, private land ownership may have to be put aside for society to function adequately; since society needs to build housing, infrastructure and other frameworks to use the land according/suitable to society’s needs. In addition to society's need for land for facilities, we also find the need to retain natural resources and similar values that entail their demands for land access.Ownership of real property differs from ownership of other normal goods. Land has some special properties that other normal goods often lack. Land is stationary in such a way that you cannot move land with you. This immobility then also means that the land is site-specific. These characteristics are one explanation to the fact that land use often has many laws and regulations to comply with.In Swedish law the possibility for both private and public actors to use land access has a long history. For a long time, real property owners in Sweden have had to carry the burden of being affected by land access. The possibilities in law to use land access have varied throughout history, with a common denominator that over time more purposes have become possible to implement with the use of compulsory land access laws.In Swedish law the possibility for both private and public actors to use land access has a long history. You can say that real property owners in Sweden for a long time have had to carry the burden of being affected by land access. The possibilities in law to use land access have varied throughout history, with a common denominator that over time more purposes have become possible to implement with the use of compulsory land access laws.There is an inherent conflict between private property rights and the society's need to sometimes restrict private property rights to real property. The dissertation aims to investigate and analyse how to enable land access in the most efficient way. How should the system for land access be designed to be efficient while not damaging real property ownership rights? How does the possibility of land access affect economic efficiency in the society? Is the land access system in Swedish law alongside the associated compensation system, a mutually coherent and efficient system?In order to achieve this purpose, the dissertation constructs a framework, based on economic theory and rights theories ascertaining whether a land access system is economically efficient. Four basic questions, as well as two sub-questions, construct the foundation of this approach:(i) Should land access be possible? (i.i) When should it be possible? (i.ii) Who should be able to resort land access?(ii) Should compensation be paid?(iii) How large should the compensation be?(iv) Who should pay the compensation?The conclusion of the constructed approach is that: 1. For efficient use of land, land access must be a possibility. In order for land access to take place, the legal system must contain rules that limit land access measures to situations that create a positive net benefit. Due to this requirement, the question of which actor can carry out land access with the support of compulsory law is less important.2. Compensation shall be paid in situations where land access does not affect a large number of individuals, where each individual damage is small. Compensation should also not be paid in situations where land access takes place to prevent, or stop, illegal activities.3. The compensation shall be based on a market value and be higher than the estimated market value or market value reduction that the procedure of land access causes.4. The party who applies land access is also the party who is to bear the costs of paying compensation.In this dissertation, I apply the framework I constructed to the Swedish system for land access with its associated compensation system. In order to achieve this, I first investigated how Swedish law is formulated today and how it has historically developed in terms of land access, property rights and compensation systems. The initial studies are carried out using legal dogmatic and legal historical methods.When applying the approach, the historical review shows that the Swedish land access system has not historically been efficient. The main reason for this is that the compensation for land access has been both too high and too low. Too high in the sense that society could not evolve efficiently and too low because real property owners suffered a loss of utility due to the compensation being below market value. Also, land access in the form of a restriction of usage was not something that entailed a direct right to compensation according to law until an amendment was made to the Constitution of Sweden in 1994. The reform of the compensation system in 2010, when an amendment to the Expropriation Act Chapter 4 Section 1 was added meaning that a surcharge of 25 % shall be paid for eligible land access, made the system more efficient.It also turns out that the bundle of property rights, i.e. which partial rights this bundle has included and allowed, varies with the right to compensation. During the time when the bundle of rights consisted of the largest number of sub-rights with the greatest powers, the compensation system was also the most generous. Over time, the property owner's great powers meant problems for the development of society, it was for example problematic to deal with the increased urbanization as land value levels forced cities to develop less suitable land for housing. The ownership of land was therefore subject to reforms of various kinds, such as reduced powers for the property owner. The reforms were implemented to make it easier to develop society and disrupt the strong position of the real property owners. At the same time as the powers of the real property owners decreased, the compensation system also became less generous. At its lowest point which remained for a period of time, the compensation could be below market value.The conclusions from applying my framework to Swedish law are that today, on an overall level, it is an efficient and coherent system. With regard to land access measures in the form of restrictions on the availability of buildings of culturally and historically valuable buildings, there is some support that these can be handled in a more efficient way by market mechanisms. One aspect not to forget in an alternative procedure is the difference in the consistency between government decisions and a market solution. Allowing market mechanisms to preserve cultural-historical values is probably less lasting than government decisions. In the long run, it is therefore uncertain whether the ''protection'' of the market solution will last to the same degree as an official decision. Future studies could empirically examine what the total cost of land access measures in order to preserve cultural-historical buildings is. Are the costs of such a magnitude that there are opportunities for streamlining conservation that seem to consider any disadvantages associated with durability.I also argue that a lack of compensation for land access measures in the form of revoked permits for businesses, where the decision to withdraw is based on conditions that the operator could not foresee and a continued business is not manifestly harmful, are not effective. It can for example be new research results that show that previous activities are more environmentally hazardous than previously known.
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- Treschow, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Konflikterna i skogen – en analys av regelkonflikter och myndighetsagerande
- 2020
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vi har undersökt orsaken till pågående konflikt mellan skogsägare och skogsvårdande myndigheter angående tillämpningen av artskyddsförordningen. Skogsägarna har i debatten hävdat att villkoren för att bedriva skogsbruk har försämrats i en omfattning att äganderätten såsom den normalt uppfattas är hotad. Vi har funnit att det finns fog för skogsägarnas kritik. Vi konstaterar att myndigheterna i ett internt projekt har utvecklat en tillämpning avartskyddsförordningen som saknar stöd i gängse rättskällor, som lagtext, förarbeten och praxis. Tillämpningen etablerades i internt framtagna riktlinjer för handläggning av artskyddsärenden. Innehållet i riktlinjerna bryter mot den praxis som tidigare etablerats i artskyddsärenden och leder runt år 2016 till en omsvängning i tillämpningen av artskyddsförordningen. Vi konstaterar också att den nya tillämpningen konsekvent är till nackdel för den enskilde skogsbrukaren. De viktigaste punkterna är a) en försämrad möjlighet att få ersättning vid nekad skogsbruksåtgärd, b) svårighet att av myndigheten få svar på vad som gäller och c) en utökad börda för utredningar och bevisföring.
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- Treschow, Anna, et al.
(author)
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KONFLIKTERNA I SKOGEN : – EN ANALYS AV REGELKONFLIKTER OCH MYNDIGHETSAGERANDE
- 2021
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In: Juridisk Publikation. - 2000-2920. ; 2021:1, s. 83-113
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vi har undersökt orsaken till de pågående kon!ikterna mellan skogsägare och skogsvårdande myndigheter angående tillämpningen av artskyddsförordningen. Vi konstaterar att myndigheterna i ett internt projekt har utvecklat en tillämp-ning av artskyddsförordningen som saknar stöd i gängse rättskällor, som lagtext, förarbeten och praxis. Tillämpningen etablerades i internt framtagna riktlinjer för handläggning av artskyddsärenden. Vi konstaterar att den nya tillämpningen kon-sekvent är till nackdel för den enskilde skogsbrukaren. De viktigaste punkterna är a) en försämrad möjlighet att få ersättning vid nekad skogsbruksåtgärd, b) svårighet att av myndigheten få svar på vad som gäller och c) en utökad börda för utrednin-gar och bevisföring för den enskilde.
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| 9. |
- Treschow, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Myndigheter orsakar konflikter i skogen
- 2020
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In: Svenska Dagbladet (E-SvD). - 1101-2412.
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- I en ny rapport visar vi att Skogsstyrelsen på eget bevåg ändrat tolkningen av artskyddsförordningen. Efter en omsvängning 2016 nekas skogsägare ersättning i ärenden där avverkning nekats med stöd av förordningen. Skogsägarna har också tvingats till hela bevisbördan samt ett ökat ansvar för utredningsskyldigheten. Myndigheternas agerande drabbar enskilda, både genom direkta ekonomiska konsekvenser och genom att skapa en rättsosäker situation.
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