| 1. |
- Lindhe Norberg, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Evolutionary divergence of body size and wing and leg structure in relation to foraging mode in Darwin's Galapagos finches
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. - 0024-4066. ; 140:2, s. 240-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The wings, legs, and tail in Darwin's finches show many clear adaptations to different types of locomotion used during foraging. We use size scaling to analyse how various characters vary with body mass to clarify dimensional relationships. The selective advantage of a character is judged in terms of energy savings. The wing aspect ratio (4.6-4.9) is very low, so the energy costs for flight are high. Low body mass, low wing loading, and short arm wings in the warbler finch, small tree finch, and small ground finch promote agility and manoeuvrability among vegetation, along with short wings in the warbler finch. Evolution towards a shorter arm wing seems to be favoured in the smaller finch species. Long legs, long toes, and long curved claws are adaptations for climbing/clinging locomotion without tail support (woodpecker finch, small and large tree finches, cactus finch but having short legs). Selection for longer legs seems to act towards a lengthening of the tarsometatarsus. The climbing technique in the woodpecker finch is described. We discuss how the diversification in the beaks relates to the locomotion organs.
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| 2. |
- Lindhe Norberg, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
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Scaling of wingbeat frequency with body mass in bats and limits to maximum bat size
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 0022-0949 .- 1477-9145. ; 215, s. 711-722
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability to fly opens up ecological opportunities but flight mechanics and muscle energetics impose constraints, one of which is that the maximum body size must be kept below a rather low limit. The muscle power available for flight increases in proportion to flight muscle mass and wingbeat frequency. The maximum wingbeat frequency attainable among increasingly large animals decreases faster than the minimum frequency required, so eventually they coincide, thereby defining the maximum body mass at which the available power just matches up to the power required for sustained aerobic flight. Here, we report new wingbeat frequency data for 27 morphologically diverse bat species representing nine families, and additional data from the literature for another 38 species, together spanning a range from 2.0 to 870.g. For these species, wingbeat frequency decreases with increasing body mass as M b-0.26. We filmed 25 of our 27 species in free flight outdoors, and for these the wingbeat frequency varies as M b-0.30 These exponents are strikingly similar to the body mass dependency M b-0.27. among birds, but the wingbeat frequency is higher in birds than in bats for any given body mass. The downstroke muscle mass is also a larger proportion of the body mass in birds. We applied these empirically based scaling functions for wingbeat frequency in bats to biomechanical theories about how the power required for flight and the power available converge as animal size increases. To this end we estimated the muscle massspecific power required for the largest flying extant bird (12-16.kg) and assumed that the largest potential bat would exert similar muscle mass-specific power. Given the observed scaling of wingbeat frequency and the proportion of the body mass that is made up by flight muscles in birds and bats, we estimated the maximum potential body mass for bats to be 1.1-2.3.kg. The largest bats, extinct or extant, weigh 1.6.kg. This is within the range expected if it is the bat characteristic flight muscle mass and wingbeat frequency that limit the maximum body mass in bats. It is only a tenth the mass of the largest flying extant bird. © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Malte, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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”Minskande befolkning är inte problemet”
- 2020
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. ; :1 augusti, DN-debatt
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Nätverket Population Matters Sweden: En uppmärksammad studie i The Lancet pekar mot en lägre befolkningsökning i världen än tidigare prognoser. Men en miljard människor till är fortfarande långt över vad jorden klarar. Befolkningstrenden måste snarare vända neråt, och det kräver åtgärder för att stärka kvinnors rättigheter världen över.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Barri, Thaer, et al.
(författare)
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Extracting Syringe for determination of organochlorine pesticides in leachate water and soil-water slurry: A novel technology for environmental analysis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9673. ; 1111:1, s. 11-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Extracting Syringe (ESy), a novel membrane-based sample preparation technique directly coupled as an autosampler to gas chromatography, has been employed for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in raw leachate water. The ESy has also been applied for extraction of OCPs from contaminated soil samples and its performance has been compared to liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Extraction of 3-mL leachate sample at the optimised conditions resulted in enrichment factors from 32 (Endrin aldehyde) to 242 (Endrin) and detection limits from 1 to 20 ng/L. The inter-day and intra-day repeatability (% RSD) at 100 and 500 ng/L were < 6% and < 24%, respectively. The relative recovery at 100 and 500 ng/L ranged from 68% (Aldrin) to 116% (Endrin aldehyde); except Heptachlor that showed 51 and 60%, respectively. The ESy extraction of the slurry-made soil samples revealed occurrence of Endosulfan I (18.2 mu g/g soil), 4,4'-DDE (2.6 ng/g soil), Endosulfan 11 (8.7 mu g/g soil) and Endosulfan sulfate (1.1 mu g/g soil); showing good agreement with LSE results. The total ESy consumption of organic solvents was 4.2 mL from which only 0.6 mL n-undecane was used during the extraction step (7 mu L for the extraction per se), while in the LSE and ASE, it was 420 and 18.1 mL, respectively. The ESy extraction time (0.5 h) was comparable to the ASE time (0.6 h); and the time required for the LSE was 3.75 h. To sum up, the ESy has shown its competency to LSE and ASE technologies, demonstrating its applicability for environmental analysis of organic pollutants, towards green techniques for green environment. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Barri, Thaer, et al.
(författare)
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Miniaturized and automated sample pretreatment for determination of PCBs in environmental aqueous samples using an on-line microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatography system
- 2004
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Ingår i: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-6882 .- 0003-2700. ; 76:7, s. 1928-1934
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new, fast, and automated sample pretreatment technique for determination of lipophilic organic compounds in aqueous samples has been developed and applied to the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in environmental river water. It is based on miniaturized microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction coupled on-line to gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection. The heart of the system that simultaneously connects the sample pretreatment step to the final GC analysis has been named the extracting syringe (ESy). The ESy carries a miniaturized membrane extraction card attached to an electrically and mechanically designed installment and is mounted directly over a GC injector for fully automated injection of the extract. A method was developed to extract 10 PCB congeners from 1-mL water samples (after addition of 40% acetonitrile) with an extraction time of 10 min. The optimized methodology showed good linearity (in the dynamic concentration range of 5 ng L-1-1 mug L-1), enrichment factors of 33-40 times, repeatable extractions (RSD 2-5%, n = 4), a
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| 7. |
- Barthelsson, Cajsa, et al.
(författare)
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Sense of coherence and other predictors or pain and health following laparoscopic cholecystectomy
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. - Malden, MA : John Wiley & Sons. - 0283-9318 .- 1471-6712. ; 25:1, s. 143-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pain is the most common symptom following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and might delay discharge from hospital after day surgery. A patient’s ability to manage stressful situations can be assessed by the sense of coherence (SOC) and has been proposed to predict health. The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of average pain the first postoperative week after LC, and predictors of changes in perceived health, with special reference to individual coping resources measured by the Sense of Coherence Scale. Furthermore, a test–re-test was performed on SOC to evaluate the stability in the context of LC surgery. Method: Seventy-three patients completed questionnaires about SOC, health status, pain, anxiety, symptom occurrence and symptom distress preoperatively, postoperative day 1–7 and after 1 and 6 months following LC. Results: By multiple regression, 23% of the variability in pain intensity could be explained by the variables age, SOC and education. Age was the strongest predictor. Further, 19% of the change in health between day 7 and 1 month could be explained by the two variables symptom distress the first postoperative day and SOC. The test–re-test of SOC had a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.55. Forty-six patients (63%) remained within ± 10% of their preoperative SOC score at 6 months, 11 patients (15%) decreased and 16 patients (22%) increased their SOC values. Conclusion: SOC was found to be a significant but weak predictor of pain intensity the first week after LC. Furthermore, patients scoring low SOC values experienced a delay in their health improvement. SOC was more unstable over time than previously suggested. Further, interventional studies are needed to clarify if SOC might be a clinically useful measure to identify vulnerable patients undergoing LC surgery.
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| 8. |
- Bergström, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Extracting syringe for extraction of phthalate esters in aqueous environmental samples
- 2007
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Ingår i: Analytica Chimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4324 .- 0003-2670. ; 594:2, s. 240-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of the extracting syringe (ESy), a fully automated membrane-based extraction technique, for analysis of phthalate esters in complex aqueous samples has been investigated. The ESy, working as an autosampler that combines the extraction process and injection into the gas chromatograph (GC) in one single step, is placed on top of the GC equipped with a flame ionisation detector. The aqueous samples are loaded in a tray and automatically extracted by employing microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction principle. After the extraction, the extract is directly injected into the GC's programmable temperature vaporisation injector. Six different phthalate esters were used as model compounds. Four extraction solvents were tested and the addition of sample organic modifier was examined. Toluene was the optimal solvent to use for extraction. Due to the large variation in polarity of phthalate esters, 50% methanol as organic modifier had to be added to the samples so as to extract the most nonpolar phthalate esters; di-2-ethylhexylphthalate and di-n-octylphthalate, whereas the other four relatively polar phthalate esters were extracted from unmodified samples. No significant difference between extraction of river water, leachate water from a landfill and reagent water was noted, except for minor deviations. The extraction time was 20 min for extraction of a 1-mL sample, resulting in a good linearity for all aqueous media investigated, good enrichment factors (54-110 folds) and low LOD values (0.2-10 ng mL(-1)) and relative standard deviation (%R.S.D.; 0.9-3.7%).
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| 9. |
- Björnsson, Marcus A, et al.
(författare)
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A Recirculatory Model for Pharmacokinetics and the Effects on Bispectral Index After Intravenous Infusion of the Sedative and Anesthetic AZD3043 in Healthy Volunteers
- 2015
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Ingår i: Anesthesia and Analgesia. - 0003-2999 .- 1526-7598. ; 121:4, s. 904-913
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: AZD3043 is a positive allosteric modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor, with sedative and anesthetic properties. We describe a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of arterial and venous concentrations of AZD3043 and the pharmacodynamic effects on bispectral index (BIS) in healthy volunteers.METHODS: Arterial and venous plasma concentrations of AZD3043 and BIS were measured in 2 clinical studies in 125 healthy volunteers, where AZD3043 was given as a 1-minute bolus (1-6 mg/kg), a 30-minute infusion (1-81 mg/kg/h), or 0.8 + 10, 1 + 15, 3 + 30, and 4 + 40 (mg/kg bolus + mg/kg/h infusion for 30 minutes). Population PK/pharmacodynamic analysis was performed with NONMEM.RESULTS: A recirculatory model, comprising a series of 5 compartments for the transit of drug between venous and arterial plasma, 2 peripheral distribution compartments, and 1 compartment for the nondistributive transit of drug from arterial to venous plasma, described the PK of AZD3043. Systemic clearance was high (2.2 L/min; 95% confidence interval, 2.12-2.25), and apparent volumes of distribution were low, leading to a short elimination half-life. The apparent volumes of distribution of the arterial and peripheral compartments increased with increasing administered dose, giving a total apparent volume of distribution of 15 L after the lowest dose and 37 L after the greatest dose. A sigmoid maximum effect (Emax) model with an EC50 of 15.6 µg/mL and a γ of 1.7 described the relationship between AZD3043 effect-site concentrations and BIS. The between-subject variability in EC50 was 37%. An effect compartment model, with a half-life of the equilibration rate constant ke0 of 1.1 min, described the delay in effect in relation to the arterial plasma concentrations.CONCLUSIONS: AZD3043 had a high clearance and a low apparent volume of distribution, leading to a short half-life. However, the apparent volume of distribution was dose dependent (P < 0.001), leading to an increased half-life with increasing dose. The distribution to the effect site was fast and together with the short plasma half-life led to a fast onset and offset of effects.
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