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- Pearce, Neil E, et al.
(författare)
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IARC Monographs : 40 Years of Evaluating Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 123:6, s. 507-514
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Recently the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Programme for the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans has been criticized for several of its evaluations, and also the approach used to perform these evaluations. Some critics have claimed that IARC Working Groups' failures to recognize study weaknesses and biases of Working Group members have led to inappropriate classification of a number of agents as carcinogenic to humans.OBJECTIVES: The authors of this paper are scientists from various disciplines relevant to the identification and hazard evaluation of human carcinogens. We have examined here criticisms of the IARC classification process to determine the validity of these concerns. We review the history of IARC evaluations and describe how the IARC evaluations are performed.DISCUSSION: We conclude that these recent criticisms are unconvincing. The procedures employed by IARC to assemble Working Groups of scientists from the various discipline and the techniques followed to review the literature and perform hazard assessment of various agents provide a balanced evaluation and an appropriate indication of the weight of the evidence. Some disagreement by individual scientists to some evaluations is not evidence of process failure. The review process has been modified over time and will undoubtedly be altered in the future to improve the process. Any process can in theory be improved, and we would support continued review and improvement of the IARC processes. This does not mean, however, that the current procedures are flawed.CONCLUSIONS: The IARC Monographs have made, and continue to make, major contributions to the scientific underpinning for societal actions to improve the public's health.
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- Blom, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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An Experimental Evaluation of Documentation Methods and Reusability
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an experimental evaluation carried out in an academic environment. The goal of the experiment was to compare how different methods of documenting semantic information affect software reuse. More specifically, the goal was to measure if there were any differences between the methods with regard to the time needed to implement changes to existing software. Four methods of documentation were used; executable contracts, non-executable contracts, Javadoc-style documentation and sequence diagrams. The results indicate that executable contracts demanded more time than the other three methods and that sequence diagrams and Javadoc demanded the least time
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| 8. |
- Blom, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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An Experimental Evaluation of Programming by Contract
- 2002
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an experiment designed to compare a contract-based programming method with a standard programming method based on exceptions. The purpose was to evaluate if using contracts would shorten development time, if contracts would improve work satisfaction and if contracts would increase the quality of the resulting software program. The experiment was performed in a project work course for students in the computer science program at Karlstad University. The students were to solve an assignment in groups of four within a period of ten weeks. Half of the groups used the contract-based method and the other half used the exception-based method. We gathered data on time consumption and work satisfaction on daily forms for statistical analysis. The results indicate that there is a gain in the time spent on implementation of the assignment if the contract-based method is used, but no significant difference in total time consumption was found. The results also indicate that the work satisfaction was slightly higher in the groups using the contract-based method. The resulting program was analyzed for a range of quality metrics, but no significant differences were found
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- Blom, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing Contract-Based Programming in Industry - A Case Study
- 2005
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a case study performed in an industrial project where we introduced and evaluated a method for supporting contract-based program development. The project constructed a large software system and involved around 30 people for 8 months. This paper reports on the designers' and programmers' attitudes towards programming by contract and how they perceived the effect the method had on their work. The results show that the designers and programmers were generally positive to contract-based program development and believed that the quality of their products would improve as an effect of the method
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