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| 2. |
- Atlas, Ann, et al.
(författare)
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Acute psychotic symptoms in HIV-1 infected patients are associated with increased levels of kynurenic acid in cerebrospinal fluid.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 21:1, s. 86-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with psychiatric complications including cognitive impairment, affective disorders, and psychosis. Previous studies have revealed a disturbed kynurenine metabolism in these patients leading to increased levels of neuroactive compounds acting at glutamatergic neurotransmission. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), one of these metabolites is a glutamate-receptor antagonist, preferentially blocking the glycine site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Increased levels of brain KYNA have been suggested to induce a NMDA receptor hypofunction that is associated with psychotic symptoms. In the present study, we analyze the concentration of KYNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from HIV-1 infected patients (n=22), including HIV-1 infected patients with psychotic symptoms (n=8) and HIV-1 infected patients without psychiatric symptoms (n=14). We found that HIV-1 infected patients had significantly higher median concentration of CSF KYNA (3.02nM) compared to healthy controls (1.17nM). Furthermore, CSF KYNA levels were significantly elevated in HIV-1 infected patients with psychotic symptoms (4.54nM) compared to patients with HIV-1 without psychiatric symptoms (2.28nM). Present results indicate that increased levels of CSF KYNA may be associated with development of psychotic symptoms in HIV-1 infected patients.
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| 5. |
- Brändström, Sven, 1952-
(författare)
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Personality and its complexity : An investigation of the Swedish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In former days the descriptions of personality were based on typologies, reflecting the view that people do not change over time and so have a stable, life-long personality type. Later on exclusive categories were created, but during recent times the understanding of personality has changed due to more dimensional and dynamic thinking.Cloninger’s personality theory integrates concepts and research findings from neuroanatomy, neurophysiology of behavior and learning, and from developmental, social and clinical psychology. It is postulated that the behavioural systems of temperament and character are related to two major neural systems for the adaptation of experiences on various levels. The continuous interaction between temperament and character affects the personality development in both directions; temperament impacts upon character and vice versa during life.The development of the TCI was founded on the development of the biosocial theory of personality, which in turn stimulated the further development of the theory. Unfortunately this theory-based approach is not commonly used in the development of personality measurements. The development of a personality questionnaire on the basis of the theory must be viewed as a significant challenge, and this prompted my interest in dealing with and learning more about this personality assessment method.The objectives of this thesis were a critical evaluation of Cloninger’s theory; a test of its applicability in psychiatric science; and an attempt to contribute to its development.The main findings of our investigations can be described as follows:The adaptation of the Swedish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was successful and the seven factor structure of Cloninger’s biopsychological theory of personality theory was mainly confirmed by the Swedish normative data and by cross-cultural comparisons between data from Germany, Sweden and the U.S.A.The results concerning internal consistency and factor structure further underline that the adult version of the TCI is unsuitable for use in adolescents before age of 17 years. For the adolescents the junior TCI is recommended.Furthermore temperament dimensions seem to be more stable over time compared to the character dimensions. The gender and age differences found suggest that both have to be taken into account in research and clinical application.The results from our studies suggested that the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) has to be evaluated as a useful tool within the process of validation of diagnosis of a Personality Disorder (PD), especially in clinical practice where it is often difficult to recognise all a patient’s personality disturbances during a short time. Use of the TCI is likely to improve understanding, classification, and subsequently the interpretations in clinical settings.
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- Bång, Magnus, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Mobile phone computing for in-situ cognitive-behavioral therapy
- 2007
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Ingår i: MedINFO 2007,2007. - : IOS Press. - 9781586037741 ; , s. 1078-1082
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for psychological disorders is becoming increasingly popular on the Internet. However when using this workstation approach, components such as training and learning relaxation skills, problem solving, exposure exercises, and sleep management guidance must be done in the domestic environment. This paper describes design concepts for providing spatially explicit CBT with mobile phones. We reviewed and analyzed a set of treatment manuals to distinguish elements of CBT that can be improved and supported using mobile phone applications. The key advantage of mobile computing support in CBT is that multimedia can be applied to record, scale, and label anxiety-provoking situations where the need arises, which helps the CBT clients formulate and convey their thoughts and feelings to relatives and friends, as well as to therapists at subsequent treatment sessions.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Enantioselective Analysis of Citalopram and Metabolites in Adolescents
- 2001
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Ingår i: Therapeutic drug monitoring. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0163-4356. ; 23, s. 658-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of the antidepressant effect and pharmacokinetics of citalopram have been performed in adults, but the effects on children and adolescents have only been studied to a minor extent despite its increasing use in these age groups. The aim of this study was to investigate a group of adolescents treated for depression, with respect to the steady-state plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of citalopram and its demethylated metabolites desmethylcitalopram and didesmethylcitalopram. Moreover, the authors studied the genotypes for the polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 in relation to the different enantiomers. The S/R ratios of citalopram and desmethylcitalopram found in this study of 19 adolescents were similar to studies involving older patients. The concentrations of the R-(-)- and S-(+)-enantiomers of citalopram and desmethylcitalopram were also in agreement with values from earlier studies, the R-(-)-enantiomer (distomer) being the major enantiomer. The results indicate that the use of oral contraceptives may have some influence on the metabolism of citalopram. This might be because of an interaction of the contraceptive hormones with the CYP2C19 enzyme.
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- Eklundh, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of monoamine compounds and cholecystokinin peptides after exposure to standardized barometric pressure
- 2000
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Ingår i: Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. - 0095-6562 .- 1943-4448. ; 71:11, s. 1131-1136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Connections between mood changes and weather have been described throughout the ages, and in more recent years, there have been reports on a relationship between atmospheric pressure and neurotransmitter levels in cerebrospinal fluid.METHODS: To further investigate this issue under strictly standardized conditions, we have lumbar-punctured 8 healthy males under low (963 hPa) and high (1064 hPa) barometric pressure, using a pressure chamber.RESULTS: Under high pressure, the tyrosine concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were lower, while the cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) levels were higher. No differences between low and high pressure were found for tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA), and sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S). The serum level of CCK-8S was higher under high pressure. On comparing concentration ratios between the second and the first CSF fraction, we found significantly increased ratios for homovanillic acid (HVA) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (HMPG), but a decreased ratio for tyrosine under high pressure. The difference in the concentration ratios of HVA between low and high pressure correlated negatively with age. Intraspinal pressure correlated negatively with tapping time at low pressure.CONCLUSION: Our results are in line with the hypothesis that atmospheric pressure influences CSF levels of monoamine compounds and cholecystokinin peptides.
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| 10. |
- Eklundh, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Intraspinal pressure influences CSF disposition of tryptophan and 5-HIAA
- 2001
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Ingår i: Neuropsychobiology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0302-282X .- 1423-0224. ; 44:2, s. 84-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of monoamine compounds are influenced by factors such as age, gender, height, body weight, tapping time, and atmospheric pressure. We have now examined the role of intraspinal pressure. Thirteen male volunteers underwent lumbar puncture in the right decubitus position without preceding strict bed rest. The intraspinal pressure was recorded, and monoamine precursors, transmitters, and metabolites were analyzed in two consecutively collected CSF fractions. Tryptophan in 12 ml of CSF and the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration ratio [fraction II (7-12 ml CSF)/fraction I (0-6 ml CSF)] correlated with the intraspinal pressure. Hypothetically, the intraspinal pressure may be a confounding factor for a correct interpretation of CSF tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations, and this is an issue that has to be addressed in future CSF studies. Copyright ⌐ 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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