| 1. |
- Amelia, Tudoran, et al.
(författare)
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A major forest insect pest, the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, is more susceptible to Diptera- than Coleoptera-targeted Bacillus thuringiensis strains
- 2021
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Ingår i: Pest Management Science. - : Wiley. - 1526-498X .- 1526-4998. ; 77, s. 1303-1315
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND The pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is a major forest regeneration pest causing high levels of seedling mortality and economic losses. Current management relies on silviculture, stem coatings and insecticides. Here we evaluated for the first time the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains on H. abietis adults: two producing the Coleoptera-targeted toxins Cry3Aa (Bt tenebrionis NB-176) and Cry8Da (Bt galleriae SDS-502), and one producing the Diptera-targeted Cry10A (Bt israelensis AM65-52). Choice and nonchoice assays using individual and mixtures of Bt formulations, containing these strains respectively, were conducted.RESULTS We found that Bt had toxic and lethal effects on H. abietis, but effects varied with strain and formulation concentration. The Diptera-targeted Bt israelensis had the most negative effects on weevil weight, feeding and mortality (70-82% feeding reduction, 65-82% greater mortality than control), whereas the effect was lower for the Coleoptera-specific Bt tenebrionis (38-42%; 37-42%) and Bt galleriae (11-30%; 15-32%). Reduced weevil feeding was observed after 3 days, and the highest mortality occurred 7-14 days following Bt exposure. However, we found no synergistic toxic effects, and no formulation combination was better than Bt israelensis alone at reducing consumption and survival. Also, pine weevils were not deterred by Bt, feeding equally on Bt-treated and non-Bt treated food.CONCLUSION There is potential to develop forest pest management measures against H. abietis that include Bt, but only the Diptera-targeted Bt israelensis would provide effective seedling protection. Its Diptera-specificity may need reconsideration, and evaluation of other Bt strains/toxins against H. abietis would be of interest.
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| 2. |
- Attorps, Iiris, et al.
(författare)
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MST education in Swedish preschool
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study is part of the EU-Fp7 project SECURE. The research question in the present study is: How is the current Swedish MST curriculum for preschool implemented by the teachers, and perceived by the 5-year old learners?The introduction of a revised preschool curriculum in 2011 has given MST a prominent place in Swedish preschool, and may be intended by the authorities to change the weak positions and declining trends in the PISA and TIMSS surveys for Swedish school children. The new teaching task seems to be highly appreciated by the preschool teachers. However, the curriculum is quite ambitious, and a major concern is how the implementation will be done. The concept of ”emergent science” is discussed in order to induce positive attitudes towards MST.In this study, semi-structured interviews with teachers in 15 Swedish preschools are the main source of information combined with some interviews with learners and photographic materials. The method for the analysis uses a category system of which results from some of the categories are reported.The preschool teachers are aware of the new role as teachers rather than just child minders. The revised curriculum seems to increase the self-confidence for MST of the learners as well as the teachers. The teachers say that the learners are interested in MST and that it is a case of catching opportunities, which may lead to emergent science. The 5-year old learners confirm that they like the activities related to MST.Working with hypotheses and storyline activities is shown as an example how emergent science can be promoted in 5-year old children. Activities connected to ”emerging science” have been common in Swedish preschools for some time, but after the implementation of the revised curriculum teachers also verbalize this for themselves and the learners.
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| 3. |
- Attorps, Iiris, et al.
(författare)
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MST-utbildning i den svenska förskolan
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Svenska elever hamnar efter i PISA- och TIMSS-undersökningarna. I matematik har matningarna visat på sjunkande kunskaper sedan början av 2000-talet och i naturvetenskap ligger de svenska eleverna ständigt under det internationella genomsnittet. Detta är alarmerande för landet och skälen bör utredas.Som en del i EU-projektet SECURE inom ramprogrammet Fp7 presenteras resultat från lokal forskning om genomförandet av MST-kursplanerna och attityder till ämnena bland lärare och elever. Med MST avser vi matematik, naturvetenskap och teknik. Intervjuer och enkäter har utförts bland lärare och elever i 47 klasser i 15 skolenheter i några mellansvenska kommuner. De åldersgrupper som studerats är elever från åldersgrupperna 5, 8, 11 resp. 13 år. Vi fokuserar här på förskolans verksamhet, d.v.s. arbetet med 5-åringar.Som en följd av införandet 2011 av en reviderad läroplan för förskolan, kan vi se att MST har fått en framträdande plats i den svenska förskolan som verkar vara mycket uppskattad av förskollärarna. I den reviderade läroplanen framgår att förskollärare ska ansvara för att arbetet i barngruppen genomförs så att barnen stimuleras och utmanas i sin matematiska utveckling, samt stimuleras och utmanas i sitt intresse för naturvetenskap och teknik. Exempel på hur de skall gå tillväga finns också i läroplanen. Detta kan i praktiken uppfattas som en informell tidigareläggning av den obligatoriska skolan i Sverige, eftersom förskolan inte är obligatorisk men utnyttjas av de allra flesta. Det skulle därmed kunna innebära en vändpunkt för resultaten i grundskolan och förhoppningsvis ge avtryck i kommande PISA- och TIMSS-undersökningar.De förskollärare som intervjuats är medvetna om vikten av att undervisa MST i förskolan. Detta tydliggörs av några uttalanden från intervjuade förskollärare. 'Det som är nytt nu är att man pratar om lärare och att vi utbildar barnen.' 'Det här lärandet är för livet. Det är inte bara för individen. Verksamheten på förskolan bidrar till hela samhällsutvecklingen.' Även föräldrarnas förväntningar på förskolan har förändrats. 'Föräldrarna uppskattar resultaten i matematik och ser förskolan som en skolform snarare än förvaring av barn.'I denna presentation ges exempel på hur MST-ämnena undervisas på ett integrerat sätt i förhållande till den praxis som råder i svenska förskolan, samt i förhållande till ålder och mognad hos barnen.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Axelsson, Karolin, et al.
(författare)
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Antifeedants Produced by Bacteria Associated with the Gut of the Pine Weevil Hylobius abietis
- 2017
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Ingår i: Microbial Ecology. - : SPRINGER. - 0095-3628 .- 1432-184X. ; 74:1, s. 177-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, is a severe forest pest insect as it feeds on newly planted conifer seedlings. To identify and develop an antifeedant could be one step towards the protection of seedlings from feeding damage by the pine weevil. With the aim to trace the origin of the antifeedants previously found in feces of the pine weevil, we investigated the culturable bacteria associated with the gut and identified the volatiles they produced. Bacterial isolates were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis. The volatile emissions of selected bacteria, cultivated on NB media or on the grated phloem of Scots pine twigs dispersed in water, were collected and analyzed by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The bacterial isolates released a variety of compounds, among others 2-methoxyphenol, 2-phenylethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide. A strong antifeedant effect was observed by 2-phenylethanol, which could thus be a good candidate for use to protect planted conifer seedlings against feeding damage caused by H. abietis.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Azeem, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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A fungal metabolite masks the host plant odor for the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis)
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fungal ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 13, s. 103-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pine weevil is one of the most important pest insects of conifer reforestation areas in Europe. Female pine weevils cover their eggs with chewed bark and feces (frass) resulting in avoidance behavior of feeding conspecifics towards egg laying sites. It has been suggested that microorganisms present in the frass may be responsible for producing deterrent compounds for the pine weevil. The fungi Ophiostoma canum, O. pluriannulatum, and yeast Debaryomyces hansenii were isolated from aseptically collected pine-weevil frass. The isolated fungi were cultured on weevil frass broth and their volatiles were collected by SPME and identified by GC MS. D. hansenii produced methyl salicylate (MeS) as a major compound, whereas, in addition, O. canum and O. pluriannulatum produced 6-protoilludene. In a multi-choice lab bioassay, MeS strongly reduced pine weevil's attraction to the Pinus sylvestris volatiles. Thus, a fungal metabolite was found that strongly affects the pine weevil host-odor search. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Azeem, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical composition and antifeedant activity of some aromatic plants against pine weevil (Hylobius abietis)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Annals of Applied Biology. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 0003-4746 .- 1744-7348.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pine weevil Hylobius abietis is an important pest causing severe damage to conifer seedlings in reforestation areas in Europe and Asia. Plants that have no evolutionary history with the pine weevil are of special interest in the search for compounds with a strong antifeedant activity. Thus, the essential oils of nine aromatic plants, viz Amomum subulatum, Cinnamomum tamala, Curcuma longa, Laurus nobilis, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Syzygium aromaticum and Trachyspermum ammi were extracted by hydrodistillation. The essential oil constituents were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and antifeedant properties towards the pine weevil were assessed using choice feeding bioassay. The essential oils of C. longa, O. majorana, S. aromaticum and T. ammi showed an excellent antifeedant activity towards the pine weevil for 24 hr, whereas the essential oil of other plants showed the activity for 6 hr. There was a positive correlation between the amount of benzenoid compounds and the antifeedant activity of the essential oils. This study suggests that pine weevil non-host plant compounds have potential to be used for the protection of seedlings against pine weevil feeding. However, further study will be needed to explore the antifeedant activity of individual components and oils in the laboratory as well as in the field.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Azeem, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Chemodiversity and biodiversity of fungi associated with the pine weevil Hylobius abietis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fungal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-6146 .- 1878-6162. ; 119:8, s. 738-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pine weevil Hylobius abietis is a severe pest of conifer seedlings in reforestation areas. Weevils lay eggs in the root bark or in the soil near roots of recently dead trees and cover the eggs with frass (feces combined with chewed bark), possibly to avoid conspecific egg predation. The aim of the present investigation focused on isolation, identification, and volatile production of fungi from pine-weevil feces and frass. Fungi were isolated from weevil frass and feces separately, followed by identification based on ITS sequencing. Fifty-nine isolates belonging to the genera Penicillium, Ophiostoma, Mucor, Leptographium, Eucasphaeria, Rhizosphaera, Debaryomyces, and Candida were identified. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the fungal community and fungal isolates cultured on weevil-frass broth were identified by SPME-GCMS. Major VOCs emitted from the fungal community and pure isolates were species- and strain specific and included isopentylalcohol, styrene, 3-octanone, 6-protoilludene, methyl salicylate, 3-methylanisole, 2-methoxyphenol, and phenol. Some of these are known to influence the orientation of pine weevils when tested among highly attractive newly planted conifer seedlings.
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