| 1. |
- Carninci, P, et al.
(författare)
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The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome
- 2005
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 309:5740, s. 1559-1563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study describes comprehensive polling of transcription start and termination sites and analysis of previously unidentified full-length complementary DNAs derived from the mouse genome. We identify the 5′ and 3′ boundaries of 181,047 transcripts with extensive variation in transcripts arising from alternative promoter usage, splicing, and polyadenylation. There are 16,247 new mouse protein-coding transcripts, including 5154 encoding previously unidentified proteins. Genomic mapping of the transcriptome reveals transcriptional forests, with overlapping transcription on both strands, separated by deserts in which few transcripts are observed. The data provide a comprehensive platform for the comparative analysis of mammalian transcriptional regulation in differentiation and development.
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| 2. |
- Ahmed, Shahnawaz, 1995, et al.
(författare)
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Classification and reconstruction of optical quantum states with deep neural networks ()
- 2021
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Ingår i: Physical Review Research. - 2643-1564. ; 3:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We apply deep-neural-network-based techniques to quantum state classification and reconstruction. Our methods demonstrate high classification accuracies and reconstruction fidelities, even in the presence of noise and with little data. Using optical quantum states as examples, we first demonstrate how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can successfully classify several types of states distorted by, e.g., additive Gaussian noise or photon loss. We further show that a CNN trained on noisy inputs can learn to identify the most important regions in the data, which potentially can reduce the cost of tomography by guiding adaptive data collection. Secondly, we demonstrate reconstruction of quantum-state density matrices using neural networks that incorporate quantum-physics knowledge. The knowledge is implemented as custom neural-network layers that convert outputs from standard feed-forward neural networks to valid descriptions of quantum states. Any standard feed-forward neural-network architecture can be adapted for quantum state tomography (QST) with our method. We present further demonstrations of our proposed QST technique with conditional generative adversarial networks (QST-CGAN) [Ahmed et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.127, 140502 (2021)10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.140502]. We motivate our choice of a learnable loss function within an adversarial framework by demonstrating that the QST-CGAN outperforms, across a range of scenarios, generative networks trained with standard loss functions. For pure states with additive or convolutional Gaussian noise, the QST-CGAN is able to adapt to the noise and reconstruct the underlying state. The QST-CGAN reconstructs states using up to two orders of magnitude fewer iterative steps than iterative and accelerated projected-gradient-based maximum-likelihood estimation (MLE) methods. We also demonstrate that the QST-CGAN can reconstruct both pure and mixed states from two orders of magnitude fewer randomly chosen data points than these MLE methods. Our paper opens possibilities to use state-of-the-art deep-learning methods for quantum state classification and reconstruction under various types of noise.
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| 3. |
- Ahmed, Shahnawaz, 1995, et al.
(författare)
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Quantum State Tomography with Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks ()
- 2021
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114 .- 0031-9007. ; 127:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantum state tomography (QST) is a challenging task in intermediate-scale quantum devices. Here, we apply conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs) to QST. In the CGAN framework, two dueling neural networks, a generator and a discriminator, learn multimodal models from data. We augment a CGAN with custom neural-network layers that enable conversion of output from any standard neural network into a physical density matrix. To reconstruct the density matrix, the generator and discriminator networks train each other on data using standard gradient-based methods. We demonstrate that our QST-CGAN reconstructs optical quantum states with high fidelity, using orders of magnitude fewer iterative steps, and less data, than both accelerated projected-gradient-based and iterative maximum-likelihood estimation. We also show that the QST-CGAN can reconstruct a quantum state in a single evaluation of the generator network if it has been pretrained on similar quantum states.
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| 4. |
- Frisk Kockum, Anton, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Decoherence-Free Interaction between Giant Atoms in Waveguide Quantum Electrodynamics
- 2018
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114 .- 0031-9007. ; 120:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In quantum-optics experiments with both natural and artificial atoms, the atoms are usually small enough that they can be approximated as pointlike compared to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation with which they interact. However, superconducting qubits coupled to a meandering transmission line, or to surface acoustic waves, can realize "giant artificial atoms" that couple to a bosonic field at several points which are wavelengths apart. Here, we study setups with multiple giant atoms coupled at multiple points to a one-dimensional (1D) waveguide. We show that the giant atoms can be protected from decohering through the waveguide, but still have exchange interactions mediated by the waveguide. Unlike in decoherence-free subspaces, here the entire multiatom Hilbert space (2N states for N atoms) is protected from decoherence. This is not possible with "small" atoms. We further show how this decoherence-free interaction can be designed in setups with multiple atoms to implement, e.g., a 1D chain of atoms with nearest-neighbor couplings or a collection of atoms with all-to-all connectivity. This may have important applications in quantum simulation and quantum computing.
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| 5. |
- Frisk Kockum, Anton, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Reviews Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2522-5820. ; 1:1, s. 19-40
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Light-matter coupling with strength comparable to the bare transition frequencies of the system is called ultrastrong. This Review surveys how experiments have realized ultrastrong coupling in the past decade, the new phenomena predicted in this regime and the applications it enables. AbstractUltrastrong coupling between light and matter has, in the past decade, transitioned from a theoretical idea to an experimental reality. It is a new regime of quantum light-matter interaction, which goes beyond weak and strong coupling to make the coupling strength comparable to the transition frequencies in the system. The achievement of weak and strong coupling has led to increased control of quantum systems and to applications such as lasers, quantum sensing, and quantum information processing. Here we review the theory of quantum systems with ultrastrong coupling, discussing entangled ground states with virtual excitations, new avenues for nonlinear optics, and connections to several important physical models. We also overview the multitude of experimental setups, including superconducting circuits, organic molecules, semiconductor polaritons, and optomechanical systems, that have now achieved ultrastrong coupling. We conclude by discussing the many potential applications that these achievements enable in physics and chemistry. Key pointsUltrastrong coupling (USC) can be achieved by coupling many dipoles to light, or by using degrees of freedom whose coupling is not bounded by the smallness of the fine-structure constant.The highest light-matter coupling strengths have been measured in experiments with Landau polaritons in semiconductor systems and in setups with superconducting quantum circuits.With USC, standard approximations break down, allowing processes that do not conserve the number of excitations in the system, leading to a ground state that contains virtual excitations.Potential applications of USC include fast and protected quantum information processing, nonlinear optics, modified chemical reactions and the enhancement of various quantum phenomena.Now that USC has been reached in several systems, it is time to experimentally explore the new phenomena predicted for this regime and to find their useful applications.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, J. R., et al.
(författare)
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Nonclassical microwave radiation from the dynamical Casimir effect
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. - 2469-9926 .- 2469-9934. ; 87:4, s. Art. no. 043804-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate quantum correlations in microwave radiation produced by the dynamical Casimir effect in a superconducting waveguide terminated and modulated by a superconducting quantum interference device. We apply nonclassicality tests and evaluate the entanglement for the predicted field states. For realistic circuit parameters, including thermal background noise, the results indicate that the produced radiation can be strictly nonclassical and can have a measurable amount of intermode entanglement. If measured experimentally, these nonclassicality indicators could give further evidence of the quantum nature of the dynamical Casimir radiation in these circuits.
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| 7. |
- Johansson, J. R., et al.
(författare)
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Optomechanical-like coupling between superconducting resonators
- 2014
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Ingår i: Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. - 2469-9926 .- 2469-9934. ; 90:5, s. Art. no. 053833-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose and analyze a circuit that implements a nonlinear coupling between two superconducting microwave resonators. The resonators are coupled through a superconducting quantum interference device that terminates one of the resonators. This produces a nonlinear interaction of the standard optomechanical form, where the quadrature of one resonator couples to the photon number of the other resonator. The circuit therefore allows for all-electrical realizations of analogs to optomechanical systems, with coupling that can be both strong and tunable. We estimate the coupling strengths that should be attainable with the proposed device, and we find that the device is a promising candidate for realizing the single-photon strong-coupling regime. As a potential application, we discuss implementations of networks of nonlinearly coupled microwave resonators, which could be used in microwave-photon-based quantum simulation.
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| 8. |
- Kannan, Bharath, et al.
(författare)
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Waveguide quantum electrodynamics with superconducting artificial giant atoms
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 583:7818, s. 775-779
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Models of light–matter interactions in quantum electrodynamics typically invoke the dipole approximation1,2, in which atoms are treated as point-like objects when compared to the wavelength of the electromagnetic modes with which they interact. However, when the ratio between the size of the atom and the mode wavelength is increased, the dipole approximation no longer holds and the atom is referred to as a ‘giant atom’2,3. So far, experimental studies with solid-state devices in the giant-atom regime have been limited to superconducting qubits that couple to short-wavelength surface acoustic waves4–10, probing the properties of the atom at only a single frequency. Here we use an alternative architecture that realizes a giant atom by coupling small atoms to a waveguide at multiple, but well separated, discrete locations. This system enables tunable atom–waveguide couplings with large on–off ratios3 and a coupling spectrum that can be engineered by the design of the device. We also demonstrate decoherence-free interactions between multiple giant atoms that are mediated by the quasi-continuous spectrum of modes in the waveguide—an effect that is not achievable using small atoms11. These features allow qubits in this architecture to switch between protected and emissive configurations in situ while retaining qubit–qubit interactions, opening up possibilities for high-fidelity quantum simulations and non-classical itinerant photon generation12,13.
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| 9. |
- Lambert, Neill, et al.
(författare)
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QuTiP-BoFiN: A bosonic and fermionic numerical hierarchical-equations-of-motion library with applications in light-harvesting, quantum control, and single-molecule electronics
- 2023
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Ingår i: Physical Review Research. - 2643-1564. ; 5:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The "hierarchical equations of motion"(HEOM) method is a powerful exact numerical approach to solve the dynamics and find the steady-state of a quantum system coupled to a non-Markovian and nonperturbative environment. Originally developed in the context of physical chemistry, it has also been extended and applied to problems in solid-state physics, optics, single-molecule electronics, and biological physics. Here we present a numerical library in Python, integrated with the powerful QuTiP platform, which implements the HEOM for both bosonic and fermionic environments. We demonstrate its utility with a series of examples consisting of benchmarks against important known results and examples demonstrating insights gained with this library for this article. For the bosonic case, our results include demonstrations of how to fit arbitrary spectral densities with different approaches, and a study of the dynamics of energy transfer in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson photosynthetic complex. For the latter, we both clarify how a suitable non-Markovian environment can protect against pure dephasing, and model recent experimental results demonstrating the suppression of electronic coherence. Importantly, we show that by combining the HEOM method with the reaction coordinate method we can observe nontrivial system-environment entanglement on timescales substantially longer than electronic coherence alone. We also demonstrate results showing how the HEOM can be used to benchmark different strategies for dynamical decoupling of a system from its environment, and show that the Uhrig pulse-spacing scheme is less optimal than equally spaced pulses when the environment's spectral density is very broad. For the fermionic case, we present an integrable single-impurity example, used as a benchmark of the code, and a more complex example of an impurity strongly coupled to a single vibronic mode, with applications to single-molecule electronics.
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| 10. |
- Li, Boxi, et al.
(författare)
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Pulse-level noisy quantum circuits with QuTiP
- 2022
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Ingår i: Quantum. - 2521-327X. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study of the impact of noise on quantum circuits is especially relevant to guide the progress of Noisy Intermediate- Scale Quantum (NISQ) computing. In this paper, we address the pulse-level simulation of noisy quantum circuits with the Quantum Toolbox in Python (QuTiP). We introduce new tools in qutip-qip, QuTiP's quantum information processing package. These tools simulate quantum circuits at the pulse level, leveraging QuTiP's quantum dynamics solvers and control optimization features. We show how quantum circuits can be compiled on simulated processors, with control pulses acting on a target Hamiltonian that describes the unitary evolution of the physical qubits. Various types of noise can be introduced based on the physical model, e.g., by simulating the Lindblad densitymatrix dynamics or Monte Carlo quantum trajectories. In particular, the user can define environment-induced decoherence at the processor level and include noise simulation at the level of control pulses. We illustrate how the Deutsch- Jozsa algorithm is compiled and executed on a superconducting-qubit-based processor, on a spin-chain-based processor and using control optimization algorithms. We also show how to easily reproduce exper- imental results on cross-talk noise in an ion-based processor, and how a Ramsey experiment can be modeled with Lindblad dynamics. Finally, we illustrate how to integrate these features with other software frameworks.
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