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- Norstedt, Gudrun, 1965-
(författare)
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A land of one's own : Sami resource use in Sweden's boreal landscape under autonomous governance
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Sami dominated large parts of boreal Sweden well into the 18th century, and knowledge of Sami subsistence patterns is therefore a key to the region’s forest history. Although much research has been done on Sami resource use and landscape impact, the context is often vaguely understood.The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a deeper understanding of Sami land use through studies of resource division, use and management. The focus is on the period from the late 1600s to the late 1800s, a period of declining but still existing autonomous Sami resource governance. Various historical and modern sources have been analysed with an array of methods from different academic disciplines.The results show that the forest Sami’s landscape was almost entirely divided into taxlands in the 17th century and that most lands were held by a single Sami household which controlled the land’s resources. Fishing was the main subsistence mode, although it was combined with hunting, reindeer herding and plant gathering in different proportions. Taxlands were most likely created to divide lakes and rivers. Most of the year, households moved between permanent settlements close to fishing sites, and their settlement pattern is best described as semisedentary.Since each household was in control of its own taxland, resources could be used flexibly. In winter, surplus pastures and hunting grounds were leased to reindeer-herding mountain Sami. During the 18th century, the forest Sami increasingly focused more on reindeer herding and less on fish. Summer movements were now performed between settlements installed to meet the needs of the reindeer, but the settlement pattern remained semisedentary. Fences were built in strategic places to control the movements of both own and foreign reindeer.Remains of former Sami resource use are often difficult to detect. Data collected with airborne laser scanning (ALS) can be used to map several kinds of remains, provided that the data is processed in an optimising way as shown in the thesis.In short, the thesis describes former forest Sami resource use as flexible and subject to change, and presents new methods to map cultural remains with maximum coverage.
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- Norstedt, Gudrun, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Detecting Cultural Remains in Boreal Forests in Sweden Using Airborne Laser Scanning Data of Different Resolutions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of field archaeology. - : Routledge. - 0093-4690 .- 2042-4582. ; 45:1, s. 16-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is increasingly being used to detect cultural remains in forest landscapes. Boreal forests are challenging, however, since most ancient land use was carried out without major permanent ground disturbances. If this challenge can be met, there is a large potential for surveys through existing nation-wide laser-scanning programs, although their resolutions tend to be low. In this study, we compare the performance of low-resolution (LR) and high-resolution (HR) ALS data in the Krycklan catchment in northern Sweden, an area where ancient land use was small-scale and diverse. About three times as many cultural remains were detected in the HR data set, but the LR set was satisfactory for distinct structures. We analyze how LR data sets can be enhanced at ground-point classification and terrain-model generation and conclude that ALS data have a large potential for the detection and protection of cultural remains in the boreal forest.
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- Norstedt, Gudrun, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Pre-Colonial Resource Control of Individual Sami Households
- 2014
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Ingår i: Arctic. - : Arctic Institute of Northern America. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 67:2, s. 223-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to understand the use and control of resources by indigenous households and bands, information on territorial division is crucial. However, although indigenous resource use has been quantified in several studies, such information has usually been lacking. A unique map provides this kind of information for the Swedish Sami. Drawn by Jonas Persson Gedda in 1671, before the Swedish state started to interfere with Sami territorial division, it shows the borders of 37 household territories. We have combined the geographical information from Gedda's map with historical sources and modern land survey data to quantify the resources controlled by each household and relate them to taxation. Three crucial resources are identified: alpine heath together with subalpine birch forest, pine-dominated forests, and fishing waters. Only the fishing resource showed any correlation to taxation, which underlines its importance as the main subsistence mode, at least for the forest Sami. Mountain Sami, who lived primarily on reindeer husbandry, controlled abundant alpine heath and subalpine birch forests that were used as summer pastures, but virtually no pine-dominated forests with winter pastures. The necessary winter pastures were located in the territories of the forest Sami, who controlled extensive pine-dominated forests and who were able to combine reindeer herding and wild reindeer hunting.
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- Norstedt, Gudrun, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Fencing the forest : early use of barrier fences in Sami reindeer husbandry
- 2017
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Ingår i: Rangifer. - : Septentrio Academic Publishing. - 0333-256X .- 1890-6729. ; 37:1, s. 69-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Barrier fences are generally not considered to have been used in Sami reindeer husbandry in Sweden before the early 20th century. As a rule, they are thought to have been introduced with the transition from intensive to extensive herding that is assumed to have taken place at this time. However, in this study, we show that barrier fences were widely used in Gällivare, Jokkmokk and Arjeplog Municipalities from the mid-18th century onwards, especially in the forests. Until the early 20th century, these fences were built of local materials, mainly whole trees and boulders, and we therefore call them whole-tree fences. Some of the barrier fences were used during periods of loose supervision by herders who otherwise practised intensive methods, while others were built in a context of extensive herding, large herds and conflicts over land use. Extensive reindeer herding was thus practised in the area much earlier than usually presumed, and it overlapped with intensive herding in both time and space.
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- Norstedt, Gudrun, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Fish or Reindeer? : The Relation between Subsistence Patterns and Settlement Patterns among the Forest Sami
- 2016
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Ingår i: Arctic Anthropology. - : University of Wisconsin. - 0066-6939 .- 1933-8139. ; 53:1, s. 22-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The subsistence patterns of the Sami of northern Fennoscandia in early modern times are poorly understood. In this study, we use a map from AD 1671 of a Swedish forest-Sami district in order to explore the subject. The map includes 38 summer settlement symbols, all placed close to rivers and lakes. We compare this settlement pattern with ethnographic descriptions of forest-Sami groups and find that it is consistent with a fish-centered subsistence pattern but not with a reindeer-centered one. In literature, the Sami of Sweden are generally said to have transitioned from a hunting economy to reindeer pastoralism, while fishing has been seen as a supplementary subsistence mode. Since fishers tend to differ from hunters and herders in terms of social organization and sedentism, it is important to consider the possibility of a fish-centered subsistence pattern when discussing arctic and subarctic societies.
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