| 1. |
- Bloomfield, K., et al.
(författare)
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Changes in Alcohol-Related Harm after Alcohol Policy Changes in Denmark
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Addiction Research. - : S. Karger AG. - 1022-6877 .- 1421-9891. ; 15:4, s. 224-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: This paper examines changes in alcohol-related harm in Denmark between 2003 and 2005 after changes in alcohol policies were introduced between 2003 and 2005. Methods: Interrupted time series analysis was performed with data on violent assaults and hospitalisations for acute alcohol intoxication from 2003 through 2005. Results: A 26% increase in the number of acute alcohol intoxication hospitalisations among people aged 15 years and younger was detected after the tax reduction on spirits. No significant increase in violent assaults and acute intoxication among adults was found. Conclusions: Even modest alcohol price policies can affect more vulnerable population sub-groups such as under-age youth. Policy makers should consider such consequences when forming economic policies that also have public health implications.
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| 2. |
- Brunborg, Geir Scott, et al.
(författare)
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Latent developmental trajectories of episodic heavy drinking from adolescence to early adulthood : Predictors of trajectory groups and alcohol problems in early adulthood as outcome
- 2018
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Ingår i: Drug and Alcohol Review. - : Wiley. - 0959-5236 .- 1465-3362. ; 37:3, s. 389-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction and Aims. To identify latent developmental episodic heavy drinking (EHD) trajectory groups for Norwegian adolescents, investigate risk factors associated with group membership and to assess differences in alcohol problems between different groups in early adulthood. Design and Methods. Data were from 1266 individuals measured at four time points from age 13/14years to age 26/27years. Latent class growth analysis was used to identify groups with different EHD development. Multinomial logistic regression was used to investigated if gender, impulsivity, school commitment, parents' socio-economic status, frequency of seeing parents drunk and parental knowledge could predict group membership. Differences in alcohol problem scores at age 26/27 were also assessed. Results. Four trajectory groups were identified: stable high', early increasers', late increasers' and stable low'. Membership of the high-risk trajectory groups stable high' and early increasers' was predicted by high impulsivity, low school commitment, high frequency of seeing parents drunk and low parental knowledge. The risk of alcohol problems at age 26/27 was greater for the stable high' group, the early increasers' and the late increasers' compared with the stable low' group. The stable high' and early increasers' had similar risk of alcohol problems. Discussion and Conclusions. Stable high and early increasing EHD in adolescence was associated with more alcohol problems in early adulthood. Such trajectories were predicted by high impulsivity, low school commitment, high frequency of seeing parents drunk and low parental knowledge. [Brunborg GS, Norstrom T, Storvoll EE. Latent developmental trajectories of episodic heavy drinking from adolescence to early adulthood: Predictors of trajectory groups and alcohol problems in early adulthood as outcome.
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| 3. |
- Dadgar, Iman, et al.
(författare)
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Is there a link between all-cause mortality and economic fluctuations?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 50:1, s. 6-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: All-cause mortality is a global indicator of the overall health of the population, and its relation to the macro economy is thus of vital interest. The main aim was to estimate the short-term and the long-term impact of macroeconomic change on all-cause mortality. Variations in the unemployment rate were used as indicator of temporary fluctuations in the economy. Methods: We used time-series data for 21 OECD countries spanning the period 1960–2018. We used four outcomes: total mortality (0+), infant mortality (<1), mortality in the age-group 20–64, and old-age mortality (65+). Data on GDP/capita were obtained from the Maddison Project. Unemployment data (% unemployed in the work force) were sourced from Eurostat. We applied error correction modelling to estimate the short-term and the long-term impact of macroeconomic change on all-cause mortality. Results: We found that increases in unemployment were statistically significantly associated with decreases in all mortality outcomes except old-age mortality. Increases in GDP were associated with significant lowering long-term effects on mortality. Conclusions: Our findings, based on data from predominantly affluent countries, suggest that an increase in unemployment leads to a decrease in all-cause mortality. However, economic growth, as indicated by increased GDP, has a long-term protective health impact as indexed by lowered mortality.
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| 4. |
- Dadgar, Iman, et al.
(författare)
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Is there a link between cardiovascular mortality and economic fluctuations?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 48:7, s. 770-780
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Unemployment might affect several risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death globally. The characterisation of the relation between these two phenomena is thus of great significance from a public-health perspective. The main aim of this study was to estimate the association between the unemployment rate and mortality from CVD and from coronary heart disease (CHD). Additional aims were (a) to assess whether the associations are modified by the degree of unemployment protection; (b) to determine the impact of GDP on heart-disease mortality; and (c) to assess the impact of the Great Recession in this context. Methods: We used time-series data for 32 countries spanning the period 1960–2015. We applied two alternative modelling strategies: (a) error correction modelling, provided that the data were co-integrated; and (b) first-difference modelling in the absence of co-integration. Separate models were estimated for each of five welfare state regimes with different levels of unemployment protection. We also performed country-specific ARIMA-analyses. Results: Because the data did not prove to be co-integrated, we applied first-difference modelling. The estimated effect of unemployment and GDP on CVD as well as CHD was statistically insignificant across age and sex groups and across the various welfare state regimes. An interaction term capturing the possible excess effect of unemployment during the Great Recession was also statistically insignificant. Conclusions: Our findings, based on data from predominantly affluent countries, suggest that heart-disease mortality does not respond to economic fluctuations.
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| 5. |
- Dadgar, Iman, et al.
(författare)
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Short-term and long-term effects of GDP on traffic deaths in 18 OECD countries, 1960-2011
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 71:2, s. 146-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Research suggests that increases in gross domestic product (GDP) lead to increases in traffic deaths plausibly due to the increased road traffic induced by an expanding economy. However, there also seems to exist a long-term effect of economic growth that is manifested in improved traffic safety and reduced rates of traffic deaths. Previous studies focus on either the short-term, procyclical effect, or the long-term, protective effect. The aim of the present study is to estimate the short-term and long-term effects jointly in order to assess the net impact of GDP on traffic mortality. Methods We extracted traffic death rates for the period 1960-2011 from the WHO Mortality Database for 18 OECD countries. Data on GDP/capita were obtained from the Maddison Project. We performed error correction modelling to estimate the short-term and long-term effects of GDP on the traffic death rates. Results The estimates from the error correction modelling for the entire study period suggested that a one-unit increase (US$1000) in GDP/capita yields an instantaneous short-term increase in the traffic death rate by 0.58 (p<0.001), and a long-term decrease equal to -1.59 (p<0.001). However, period-specific analyses revealed a structural break implying that the procyclical effect outweighs the protective effect in the period prior to 1976, whereas the reverse is true for the period 1976-2011. Conclusions An increase in GDP leads to an immediate increase in traffic deaths. However, after the mid-1970s this short-term effect is more than outweighed by a markedly stronger protective long-term effect, whereas the reverse is true for the period before the mid-1970s.
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| 6. |
- Ferrarini, Tommy, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Family policy, economic development and infant mortality : a longitudinal comparative analysis
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Welfare. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1369-6866 .- 1468-2397. ; 19:Supplement s1, s. s89-s102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, the impact of family policy legislation and economic development on infant mortality was estimated. Time series analyses indicate that economic growth decreased infant mortality in the earlier part of the 20th century, while the postwar period showed a zero or even a reversed correlation between economic development and child health. The results from fixed effects modelling of data for 18 welfare democracies for the period 1970–2000 are in line with the hypothesis that the more generous the earnings-related parental leave benefits, the lower the infant mortality.
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| 7. |
- Gripe, Isabella, et al.
(författare)
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Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Distress in Young People: A Longitudinal Study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Adolescent Health. - 1054-139X .- 1879-1972.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeDespite a large number of studies on the relation between cannabis use and mental distress in adolescence, results are inconclusive regarding the nature of this association. The aim of the present study is to expand this body of research by analyzing the within-person association between changes in cannabis use and changes in mental distress among young people.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from a national sample of young people in Norway. The cohort was assessed in 1992 (T1), 1994 (T2), 1999 (T3), and 2005 (T4). The cumulative response rate was 60%. Respondents who participated in all four waves, aged 11–18 years at T1 (N = 1,988) were analyzed. Within-person association between changes in cannabis use and changes in mental distress in terms of symptoms of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and deliberate self-harm were estimated by applying fixed-effects modeling.ResultsFor males, an increase in cannabis use from no use to more than 10 times/year was significantly associated with increased risk for anxiety (relative risk [RR]: 1.72, p = .009), depressed mood (RR: 1.49, p < .001), and suicidal ideation (RR: 3.43, p = .012). For females, the corresponding increase in cannabis use yielded an increased risk for anxiety (RR: 1.38, p = .023) and suicidal ideation (RR: 2.47, p = .002).DiscussionIncreased cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood seem to increase the risk for symptoms of mental distress. Although the associations appear to be more pronounced among males, it was only for depression that there was a statistically significant gender difference in the association.
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| 8. |
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| 10. |
- Jiang, Heng, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol Consumption and Liver Disease in Australia : A Time Series Analysis of the Period 1935–2006
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 49:3, s. 363-368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: The aim of the study was to examine for Australia whether the link between population alcohol consumption and liver disease mortality varies over time, using 71 years of data. Methods: Overall and gender-specific rates of liver disease mortality were analysed in relation to total alcohol consumption as well as for different beverage types by using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series methods. Separate models were developed for the entire time period and for two sub-periods (1935–1975, 1976–2006). Results: A 1-l increase in adult per capita consumption of pure alcohol led to a rise of ∼10% in overall liver disease mortality rates and a 11 and 9% increase in female and male liver disease mortality, respectively. The strength of the relationship between per capita consumption and liver disease mortality diminished over time. Spirits consumption was found to be the main driving factor in liver mortality rates between 1935 and 1975, while beer consumption was found to be the most significant predictor in liver diseases in the last three decades. In a comparative perspective, the effect of per capita alcohol consumption on liver disease in Australia is similar to the USA, Southern and Eastern Europe countries, but weaker than in Canada and western European countries. Conclusion: An increase in per capita alcohol consumption in Australia is likely to lead to an increase in liver disease. Changes in the most important beverage over the study period suggest substantial shifts in drinking patterns and preferences among the heaviest Australian drinkers.
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