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- Bröjer, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A modified oral sugar test for evaluation of insulin and glucose dynamics in horses
- 2016
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Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: An oral sugar test (OST) using Karo (R) Light Corn Syrup has been developed in the USA as a field test for the assessment of insulin dysregulation in horses but the syrup is not available in Scandinavian grocery stores. The aim of the study was to compare the results of a modified OST between horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and healthy horses using a Scandinavian commercially available glucose syrup (Dansukker glykossirap). In addition, the effect of breed and the repeatability of the test were evaluated. In the present study, clinically healthy horses (7 Shetland ponies, 8 Icelandic horses, 8 Standardbred horses) and 20 horses of various breeds with EMS underwent the modified OST test. The Icelandic horses and Shetland ponies underwent the OST twice. Insulin and glucose data from the OST were used to calculate peak insulin concentration (Peak(INS)), time to peak insulin concentration (T-peak(INS)), area under the curve for insulin (AUC(INS)) and glucose (AUC(GLU)) as well as whole body insulin sensitivity index (ISICOMP).Results: Compared to the healthy group, the EMS group had 6-7 times higher geometric mean for Peak(INS) and AUC(INS) and 8 times lower geometric mean for ISICOMP. The EMS group had a delayed T-peak(INS) compared to the healthy group. There was no effect of breed in the group of healthy horses on Peak(INS), T-peak(INS), AUC(INS), AUC(GLU) and ISICOMP. Coefficient of variation for repeated tests was 19.8, 19.0 and 17.6 % for Peak(INS), AUC(INS) and ISICOMP respectively.Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate that the modified OST appears to be a practical and useful diagnostic tool for assessment of insulin dysregulation in the horse. However, to make it possible to establish the most appropriate sampling interval and to evaluate the accuracy of the modified OST, further studies in horses with a variable degree of insulin resistance are needed, where results from the modified OST are compared with quantitative measurements for IS.
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| 6. |
- Buhl, Rikke, et al.
(författare)
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Atrial fibrillatory rate as predictor of recurrence of atrial fibrillation in horses treated medically or with electrical cardioversion
- 2022
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Ingår i: Equine Veterinary Journal. - : Wiley. - 0425-1644 .- 2042-3306. ; 54:6, s. 1013-1022
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The recurrence rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) in horses after cardioversion to sinus rhythm (SR) is relatively high. Atrial fibrillatory rate (AFR) derived from surface ECG is considered a biomarker for electrical remodelling and could potentially be used for the prediction of successful AF cardioversion and AF recurrence. Objectives: Evaluate if AFR was associated with successful treatment and could predict AF recurrence in horses. Study design: Retrospective multicentre study. Methods: Electrocardiograms (ECG) from horses with persistent AF admitted for cardioversion with either medical treatment (quinidine) or transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) were included. Bipolar surface ECG recordings were analysed by spatiotemporal cancellation of QRST complexes and calculation of AFR from the remaining atrial signal. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between AFR and the risk of AF recurrence. Results: Of the 195 horses included, 74 received quinidine treatment and 121 were treated with TVEC. Ten horses did not cardiovert to SR after quinidine treatment and AFR was higher in these, compared with the horses that successfully cardioverted to SR (median [interquartile range]), (383 [367-422] vs 351 [332-389] fibrillations per minute (fpm), P <.01). Within the first 180 days following AF cardioversion, 12% of the quinidine and 34% of TVEC horses had AF recurrence. For the horses successfully cardioverted with TVEC, AFR above 380 fpm was significantly associated with AF recurrence (hazard ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2-4.8, P =.01). Main limitations: The treatment groups were different and not randomly allocated, therefore the two treatments cannot be compared. Medical records and the follow-up strategy varied between the centres. Conclusions: High AFR is associated with failure of quinidine cardioversion and AF recurrence after successful TVEC. As a noninvasive marker that can be retrieved from surface ECG, AFR can be clinically useful in predicting the probability of responding to quinidine treatment as well as maintaining SR after electrical cardioversion.
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| 7. |
- Ekstrand, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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The disposition of trimethoprim and sulfadiazine in neonatal foals after intravenous administration
- 2022
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Ingår i: Veterinary Medicine and Science. - : Wiley. - 2053-1095. ; 8, s. 1065-1071
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Septicaemia in the neonatal foal is caused by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The life-threatening nature of this condition requires treatment to be initiated with broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs pending antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Potentiated sulphonamides, for example, trimethoprim combined with sulfadiazine, could be clinically relevant options but their pharmacokinetics in the neonatal foal are unknown.Objectives: To describe the plasma disposition of trimethoprim and sulfadiazine in neonatal foals and to relate the results to patterns in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Escherichia coli, a recognized pathogen in neonatal foal sepsis.Method: A total of five doses of trimethoprim (2.5 mg/kg) and sulfadiazine (12.5 mg/kg) were administered intravenously every 12 h to eight neonatal foals that were 3 days old at inclusion. A non-linear mixed effects model was fitted to the trimethoprim and sulfadiazine experimental data. The 24 h area under the free plasma trimethoprim and sulfadiazine concentration-time curves (fAUC) and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamik (PK/PD)-index fAUC/MIC was calculated to evaluate the potential clinical benefits of the administered dose.Results: For trimethoprim, the typical values were 1.99 L/kg, 0.33 L/h.kg and 4.2 h for the apparent volume of distribution, clearance and terminal half-life, respectively. The 24 h fAUC for trimethoprim was 11.3 mu g.h/ml (7.2-15.2) and the fAUC/MIC ratio for E. coli was 23 (16.4-29.2) (population mean (range)). For sulfadiazine, the typical values were 0.61 L/kg, 0.09 L/h.kg and 5.3 h for the apparent volume of distribution, clearance and terminal half-life, respectively. The 24 h fAUC for sulfadiazine was 246.8 mu g.h/ml (175.6-335.4).Conclusion: For trimethoprim, the plasma exposure is insufficient in some foals to successfully treat bacterial infections with an MIC-value of 0.5 mu g/ml using the studied dosing regimen.
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- Fossum, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of tlr4, md2 and cd14 in equine blood leukocytes during endotoxin infusion and in intestinal tissues from healthy horses
- 2012
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Ingår i: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2427 .- 1873-2534. ; 150:3-4, s. 141-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expression of tlr4, md2 and cd14 was studied in equine blood leukocytes and in intestinal samples using real time PCR. The stability of three commonly used reference genes, glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), hypoxantine ribosyltransferase (HPRT) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), was evaluated using qbase(PLUS). The equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (eqPBMC) examined were either stimulated in vitro with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin or with the CpG oligodeoxynuclotide 2216 (CpG-ODN 2216) or obtained from horses before, during and after infusion of endotoxin. Intestinal tissue from healthy horses was sampled at ileum, right dorsal colon and rectum. Ranking of the three reference genes used for normalisation identified the combination HPRT/SDHA as most suitable both when determined ex vivo in leukocytes obtained from experimentally induced endotoxaemia and in eqPBMC activated in vitro while HPRT/GAPDH were most appropriate for the intestinal samples. The relative amounts of mRNA for TLR4 and MD-2 increased threefold during in vitro activation of the cells with CpG-ODN 2216 but was decreased in cultures stimulated with PMA/ionomycin. A transient elevation in the transcription of tlr4 and md2 was also evident for equine blood leukocytes following endotoxaemia. The levels of mRNA for CD14 on the other hard remained unaffected both during the induction of endotoxaemia and in the in vitro stimulated PBMCs. A low steady expression of TLR4, MD-2 and CD14 mRNA was demonstrated for the intestinal samples with no variation between the intestinal segments analysed. Thus, the foundation for real time PCR based levels of analysis of mRNA for all three components in the equine LPS receptor complex in different intestinal segments was set, making it possible to carry out future expression studies on clinical material.
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- Larsdotter Davey, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Serum thymidine kinase activity in clinically healthy and diseased horses: A potential marker for lymphoma
- 2015
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Ingår i: Veterinary Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1090-0233 .- 1532-2971. ; 205, s. 313-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serum thymidine kinase (sTK) activity is a tumour marker used as a prognostic indicator for lymphoma in humans, dogs and cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of sTK as a biomarker for lymphoma in horses. Serum samples were collected from clinically normal horses (n = 37), horses with lymphoma (n = 23), horses with non-haematopoietic neoplasia (n = 9) and horses with inflammatory disease (n = 14). sTK was measured using a radioenzyme assay. A reference cut-off value of <2.7 U/L (mean + 2 standard deviations, SDs) was established using data from clinically normal horses. sTK activity (mean +/- SD) was 26.3 +/- 91.5 U/L (range 0.8-443 U/L) for horses with lymphoma, 2.3 +/- 1.4 U/L (range 0.6-5.7 U/L) for horses with non-haematopoietic neoplasia and 1.5 +/- 0.6 U/L (range 0.6-2.8 U/L) for horses with inflammatory disease. Horses with lymphoma had significantly higher sTK activity than horses without clinical signs of disease (P<0.01), horses with inflammatory disease (P<0.01) and horses with non-haematopoietic neoplasia (P<0.05). sTK activity is a potentially useful biomarker for equine lymphoma. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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