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- Asplund, Lillemor, et al.
(författare)
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Studie av Okta- Nona- DekaBDE inom den marina miljöövervakningen
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med undersökningen har varit att undersöka förekomst av högbromerade difenyletrari sill, musslor och sillgrissleägg från Östersjön och sill och musslor från västerhavet.Orsak till valet av ämne: Polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) används som flamskyddsmedel. Polybromerade difenyletrar utgör huvudkomponenter i tre tekniska produkter med mellan 4 och 10 bromatomer per molekyl: pentaBDE (som främst innehåller tetra- penta- och hexaBDE), oktaBDE (främst hexa-, hepta- och oktaBDE) och decaBDE (innehåller förutom decaBDE även små mängder okta- och nonaBDE). Vid bromering av difenyletrar kan teoretiskt 209 olika föreningar bildas (sk. kongener). Dessa numreras efter ökande bromeringsgrad. Till de lågbromerade hör: BDE47 BDE99, BDE100, BDE153 och BDE154 och till de högbromerade räknas oktaBDE: BDE-196, BDE-197, BDE-203, BDE-205 och nonaBDE: BDE-206, BDE-207 och dekaBDE: BDE-209. Under de senaste årtiondena har det skett en förskjutning i tillvekning och användning av BDE mot högrebromerad BDE. Allmänt är PBDE strukturellt lik PCB och befaras därför ha liknande skadeeffekter. PBDE har också visat sig inverka negativt på motorik, beteende och inlärning hos möss och råttor efter exponering i tidiga livsstadier (Viberg et al., 2007). Lågbromerad PBDE (BDE47 BDE99, BDE100, BDE153 och BDE154) analyseras årligen (sedan 2000) inom det marina miljöövervakningsprogrammet, däremot analyseras inte högbromerad PBDE, vilket är bakgrunden till den aktuella undersökningen. Ämnets användning:Flamskyddsmedel används för att förhindra uppkomst av brand. Polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) används som additiva flamskyddsmedel i bl.a. plast, textilier och elektronik och har visat sig vara allmänt spridda i miljön. Det finns ingen tillverkning av PBDE i Sverige och all användning av penta- och oktaprodukten är förbjudna inom EU, sedan 2004, men importeras fortfarande i varor. När det gäller decaBDE infördes i Sverige, restriktioner för användning i textiler, möbler och kablar 2007, men decaBDE får fortfarande andvändas i elektronik. Huvudsakliga källor och typ av spridning: Källorna är huvudsakligen produkter och varor. PBDE sprids till största delen genom diffus spridning. Undersökningens huvudsakliga syfte: Syftet med undersökningen har varit att undersöka förekomst av högbromerade difenyletrar i sill, musslor och sillgrissleägg från Östersjön och sill och musslor från västerhavet.
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- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Övervakning av metaller och organiska miljögifter i marin biota, 2011
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The environmental toxicants examined in this report can be classified into five groups –heavy metals, chlorinated compounds, brominated flame retardants, polyaromatichydrocarbons and perfluorinated compounds. Each of these contaminants has beenexamined from various sites for up to six different fish species, in blue mussels, and inguillemot eggs, for varying lengths of time. The following summary examines overalltrends, spatial and temporal, for the five groups.Condition and Fat ContentCondition and fat content in different species tended to follow the same pattern at the samesites, with a few exceptions. Most of the fish species generally displayed a decreasing trendin both condition and fat content at most sites examined. Exceptions to this were increasesin fat content seen in herring (the last ten years) and cod at Fladen; an increase in conditionfor herring at Ängskärsklubb in spring; and in perch, a decrease in fat content atKvädöfjärden but no trend in condition for the same site.Heavy MetalsDue to a change in methods for metal analysis (not Hg) in 2004, values between 2003 and2007 should be interpreted with care. From 2009 metals are analyzed at ITM, Stockholmuniversity.The longer time series in guillemot egg and spring-caught herring from the southernBothnian Sea and southern Baltic Proper show significant decreases of mercury. Theherring site in the southern Bothnain Sea indicates a local Hg-source. The rest of the timeseries show varying concentrations over the study period, and even increasing trends in e.g.cod muscle and blue mussels, but the concentrations are fairly low compared to measuredconcentrations in perch from fresh water and coastal sites. However, in most cases, theseconcentrations are above the newly suggested EU-target level of 20 ng/g wet weight.Lead is generally decreasing over the study period (in time series of sufficient length),supposedly due to the elimination of lead in gasoline. Elevated lead concentrations between2003 and 2007 (e.g. Harufjärden) should be viewed with caution (see above regardingchange in analysis methods).Cadmium concentrations show varying non-linear trends over the monitored period. It isworth noting that despite several measures taken to reduce discharges of cadmium,generally the most recent concentrations are similar to concentrations measured 30 yearsago in the longer time series.The reported nickel concentrations show no consistent decreasing trends. Some series beginwith two elevated values that exert a strong leverage effect on the regression line and maygive a false impression of decreasing trends. Chromium generally shows decreasing trends,possibly explained by a shift in analytical method. The essential trace metals, copper andzinc, show no consistent trends during the monitored period.
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- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Övervakning av metaller och organiska miljögifter i marin biota, 2012
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The environmental toxicants examined in this report can be classified into five groups –heavy metals, chlorinated compounds, brominated flame retardants, polyaromatichydrocarbons and perfluorinated compounds. Each of these contaminants has beenexamined from various sites for up to six different fish species, in blue mussels, and inguillemot eggs, for varying lengths of time. The following summary examines overalltrends, spatial and temporal, for the five groups.Condition and Fat ContentCondition and fat content in different species tended to follow the same pattern at the samesites, with a few exceptions. Most of the fish species generally displayed a decreasing trendin both condition and fat content at most sites examined. Exceptions to this were increasesin fat content and condition factor seen in cod liver at both sites; an increase in conditionfor herring at Ängskärsklubb in spring; and in perch and eelpout, a decrease in fat content atKvädöfjärden (perch) and Väderöarna (eelpout) but no trend in condition for the same site.Heavy MetalsDue to a change in methods for metal analysis (not Hg) in 2004, values between 2003 and2007 should be interpreted with care. From 2009 metals are analyzed at ITM, StockholmUniversity.The longer time series in guillemot egg and spring-caught herring from the southernBothnian Sea and southern Baltic Proper show significant decreases of mercury. Theherring site in the southern Bothnain Sea indicates a local Hg-source. The rest of the timeseries show varying concentrations over the study period, and even increasing trends in e.g.cod muscle and eelpout muscle from Väderöarna, but the concentrations are fairly lowcompared to measured concentrations in perch from fresh water and coastal sites. However,in most cases, these concentrations are above the newly suggested EU-target level of 20ng/g wet weight.Lead is generally decreasing over the study period (in time series of sufficient length),supposedly due to the elimination of lead in gasoline. Elevated lead concentrationsbetween 2003 and 2007 (e.g. Harufjärden) should be viewed with caution (see aboveregarding change in analysis methods).Cadmium concentrations show varying non-linear trends over the monitored period. It isworth noting that despite several measures taken to reduce discharges of cadmium,generally the most recent concentrations are similar to concentrations measured 30 yearsago in the longer time series.The reported nickel concentrations show no consistent decreasing trends. Some series beginwith two elevated values that exert a strong leverage effect on the regression line and maygive a false impression of decreasing trends. Chromium generally shows decreasing trends,possibly explained by a shift in analytical method. The essential trace metals, copper andzinc, show no consistent trends during the monitored period.
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- John, Sternbeck, et al.
(författare)
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Organiska miljögifter i fisk från svenska bakgrundsområden
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fisk från nio svenska lokaler, representerande sötvatten, kust och utsjö, har analyserats på PBDE (polybromerade difenyletrar), HBCD, PAH (polycykliska aromatiska kolväten), Klorerade bensener, PCB, ftalater, och klorerade dioxiner och furander i fiskmuskel. Dessutom har pentaklorfenol, triclosan och tetrabrombisfenol A analyserats i fiskgalla från tre av dessa lokaler.
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- Lundstedt-Enkel, Katrin, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling Relationships between Baltic Sea Herring (Clupea harengus) Biology and Contaminant Concentrations Using Multivariate Data Analysis
- 2010
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 44:23, s. 9018-9023
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Baltic Sea herring (Clupea harengus) is a pelagic, zoo-planktivorous fish and young (2-5 years old) individuals of this species are sampled annually in the Swedish marine monitoring program. This study determined concentrations of organochlorines (OCs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in dorsal muscle from herring (n = 60) of varying age (2-13 years), weight (25-200 g), and body length (16-29 cm) caught at three locations in the Swedish part of the Baltic Proper. In order to ensure that the fish biclogy was as varied as possible, though still similar from all sampling sites, the fish to be chemically analyzed were selected from a large number of fish with determined biology using Multivariate Design. In statistical evaluation of the data, univariate and multivariate data analysis techniques, e.g. principal components analysis (PCA), partial least-squares regression (PLS), and orthogonal PLS (OPLS), were used. The results showed that the fish are exposed to a cocktail of contaminants and levels are presented. Significant OPLS models were found for all biological variables versus concentrations of OCs and BFRs, showing that fish biology covaries with fish contaminant concentrations. Correlation coefficients were as high as 0.98 for e.g. beta HCH concentration (wet weight) versus the lipid content. Lastly, the DC concentrations in herring muscle were modeled against the BFR concentrations to determine whether concentrations of either could be used to predict the other. It was found that OPLS models allowed BFR concentrations to be predicted from OC concentrations with high, but varying, accuracy (R-2 Ys between 0.93 to 0.75). Thus, fish biology and contaminant concentrations are interwoven, and fish biological parameters can be used to calculate (predict) contaminant concentrations. It is also possible to predict the BFR concentrations in an individual fish from its concentrations of OCs with very high accuracy.
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