| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Gauvreau, GM, et al.
(författare)
-
Allergen provocation tests in respiratory research: building on 50 years of experience
- 2022
-
Ingår i: The European respiratory journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 1399-3003 .- 0903-1936. ; 60:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The allergen provocation test is an established model of allergic airway diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis, allowing the study of allergen-induced changes in respiratory physiology and inflammatory mechanisms in sensitised individuals as well as their associations. In the upper airways, allergen challenge is focused on the clinical and pathophysiological sequelae of the early allergic response, and is applied both as a diagnostic tool and in research settings. In contrast, bronchial allergen challenge has almost exclusively served as a research tool in specialised research settings with a focus on the late asthmatic response and the underlying type 2 inflammation. The allergen-induced late asthmatic response is also characterised by prolonged airway narrowing, increased nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness and features of airway remodelling including the small airways, and hence allows the study of several key mechanisms and features of asthma. In line with these characteristics, allergen challenge has served as a valued tool to study the cross-talk of the upper and lower airways and in proof-of-mechanism studies of drug development. In recent years, several new insights into respiratory phenotypes and endotypes including the involvement of the upper and small airways, innovative biomarker sampling methods and detection techniques, refined lung function testing as well as targeted treatment options further shaped the applicability of the allergen provocation test in precision medicine. These topics, along with descriptions of subject populations and safety, in line with the updated Global Initiative for Asthma 2021 document, will be addressed in this review.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Jonsson, B, et al.
(författare)
-
An economic evaluation of combination treatment with budesonide and formoterol in patients with mild-to- moderate persistent asthma
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Respiratory Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-3064 .- 0954-6111. ; 98:11, s. 1146-1154
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients with mild asthma may benefit from increasing their inhaled corticosteroid dose, adding a tong-acting beta(2)-agonist, or both. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of these options. Patients aged greater than or equal to12 years with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma (n = 1272) were randomised to twice-daily, double-blind treatment with budesonide 100 mug, budesonide 100 mug plus formoterol 4.5 mug, budesonide 200 mug, or budesonide 200 mug plus formoterol 4.5 mug for 12 months. Clinical variables included lung function, number of symptom-free days and number of severe exacerbations. Data on medication use, hospitalisation, visits to health professionals and time off work due to asthma were combined with Swedish unit cost data (1999) to estimate the mean annual cost per patient. Budesonide 200 mug plus formoterol 4.5 mug had the greatest efficacy and effectiveness. Budesonide 200 mug plus formoterol 4.5 mug was both more effective and less costly than budesonide 100 mug plus formoterol 4.5 mug, so a cost-effectiveness ratio was not calculated for this comparison. The cost-effectiveness ratio for budesonide 200 mug plus formoterol 4.5 mug compared with budesonide 200 mug alone was SEK 21 per symptom-free days gained. The combination of budesonide and formoterol in mild-to-moderate persistent asthma improved effectiveness at modest additional cost. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
