| 1. |
- Fernandes, Michelle, et al.
(författare)
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INTERGROWTH-21st Project international INTER-NDA standards for child development at 2 years of age : an international prospective population-based study
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 10:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To describe the construction of the international INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment (INTER-NDA) standards for child development at 2 years by reporting the cognitive, language, motor and behaviour outcomes in optimally healthy and nourished children in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project.Design: Population-based cohort study, the INTERGROWTH-21st Project.Setting: Brazil, India, Italy, Kenya and the UK.Participants: 1181 children prospectively recruited from early fetal life according to the prescriptive WHO approach, and confirmed to be at low risk of adverse perinatal and postnatal outcomes.Primary measures: Scaled INTER-NDA domain scores for cognition, language, fine and gross motor skills and behaviour; vision outcomes measured on the Cardiff tests; attentional problems and emotional reactivity measured on the respective subscales of the preschool Child Behaviour Checklist; and the age of acquisition of the WHO gross motor milestones.Results: Scaled INTER-NDA domain scores are presented as centiles, which were constructed according to the prescriptive WHO approach and excluded children born preterm and those with significant postnatal/neurological morbidity. For all domains, except negative behaviour, higher scores reflect better outcomes and the threshold for normality was defined as >= 10th centile. For the INTER-NDA's cognitive, fine motor, gross motor, language and positive behaviour domains these are >= 38.5, >= 25.7, >= 51.7, >= 17.8 and >= 51.4, respectively. The threshold for normality for the INTER-NDA's negative behaviour domain is <= 50.0, that is, <= 90th centile. At 22-30 months of age, the cohort overlapped with the WHO motor milestone centiles, showed low postnatal morbidity (<10%), and vision outcomes, attentional problems and emotional reactivity scores within the respective normative ranges.Conclusions: From this large, healthy and well-nourished, international cohort, we have constructed, using the WHO prescriptive methodology, international INTER-NDA standards for child development at 2 years of age. Standards, rather than references, are recommended for population-level screening and the identification of children at risk of adverse outcomes.
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| 2. |
- Ohuma, Eric O., et al.
(författare)
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National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 402, s. 1261-1271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and is associated with long-term physical, neurodevelopmental, and socioeconomic effects. This study updated national preterm birth rates and trends, plus novel estimates by gestational age subgroups, to inform progress towards global health goals and targets, and aimed to update country, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth for 2020 in addition to trends between 2010 and 2020. Methods: We systematically searched population-based, nationally representative data on preterm birth from Jan 1, 2010, to Dec 31, 2020 and study data (26 March–14 April, 2021) for countries and areas with no national-level data. The analysis included 679 data points (86% nationally representative administrative data [582 of 679 data points]) from 103 countries and areas (62% of countries and areas having nationally representative administrative data [64 of 103 data points]). A Bayesian hierarchical regression was used for estimating country-level preterm rates, which incoporated country-specific intercepts, low birthweight as a covariate, non-linear time trends, and bias adjustments based on a data quality categorisation, and other indicators such as method of gestational age estimation. Findings: An estimated 13·4 million (95% credible interval [CrI] 12·3–15·2 million) newborn babies were born preterm (<37 weeks) in 2020 (9·9% of all births [95% CrI 9·1–11·2]) compared with 13·8 million (12·7–15·5 million) in 2010 (9·8% of all births [9·0–11·0]) worldwide. The global annual rate of reduction was estimated at –0·14% from 2010 to 2020. In total, 55·6% of total livebirths are in southern Asia (26·8% [36 099 000 of 134 767 000]) and sub-Saharan Africa (28·7% [38 819 300 of 134 767 000]), yet these two regions accounted for approximately 65% (8 692 000 of 13 376 200) of all preterm births globally in 2020. Of the 33 countries and areas in the highest data quality category, none were in southern Asia or sub-Saharan Africa compared with 94% (30 of 32 countries) in high-income countries and areas. Worldwide from 2010 to 2020, approximately 15% of all preterm births occurred at less than 32 weeks of gestation, requiring more neonatal care (<28 weeks: 4·2%, 95% CI 3·1–5·0, 567 800 [410 200–663 200 newborn babies]); 28–32 weeks: 10·4% [9·5–10·6], 1 392 500 [1 274 800–1 422 600 newborn babies]). Interpretation: There has been no measurable change in preterm birth rates over the last decade at global level. Despite increasing facility birth rates and substantial focus on routine health data systems, there remain many missed opportunities to improve preterm birth data. Gaps in national routine data for preterm birth are most marked in regions of southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, which also have the highest estimated burden of preterm births. Countries need to prioritise programmatic investments to prevent preterm birth and to ensure evidence-based quality care when preterm birth occurs. Investments in improving data quality are crucial so that preterm birth data can be improved and used for action and accountability processes. Funding: The Children's Investment Fund Foundation and the UNDP, United Nations Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction.
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| 3. |
- Ohuma, Eric O., et al.
(författare)
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National, Regional, and Global Estimates of Preterm Birth in 2020, With Trends From 2010: A Systematic Analysis
- 2024
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Ingår i: OBSTETRICAL & GYNECOLOGICAL SURVEY. - 0029-7828 .- 1533-9866. ; 79:4, s. 195-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- (Abstracted from Lancet 2023;402:1261-1271 Birth before 37 weeks of gestation is classified as preterm birth (PTB) and represents the highest contributor to neonatal mortality, including both short- and long-term effects. Adverse effects of PTB include higher risks of poor health, poor growth, intellectual or mental disability, early onset of chronic disease, and others.
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| 4. |
- Okwaraji, Yemisrach B., et al.
(författare)
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National, regional, and global estimates of low birthweight in 2020, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis
- 2024
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Ingår i: LANCET. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 403:10431, s. 1071-1080
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Low birthweight (LBW; <2500 g) is an important predictor of health outcomes throughout the life course. We aimed to update country, regional, and global estimates of LBW prevalence for 2020, with trends from 2000, to assess progress towards global targets to reduce LBW by 30% by 2030. Methods For this systematic analysis, we searched population -based, nationally representative data on LBW from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2020. Using 2042 administrative and survey datapoints from 158 countries and areas, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical regression model incorporating country -specific intercepts, time -varying covariates, non-linear time trends, and bias adjustments based on data quality. We also provided novel estimates by birthweight subgroups. Findings An estimated 198 million (95% credible interval 184-217 million) or 147% (137-161) of liveborn newborns were LBW worldwide in 2020, compared with 221 million (207-239 million) and 166% (155-179) in 2000-an absolute reduction of 19 percentage points between 2000 and 2020. Using 2012 as the baseline, as this is when the Global Nutrition Target began, the estimated average annual rate of reduction from 2012 to 2020 was 03% worldwide, 085% in southern Asia, and 059% in sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly three-quarters of LBW births in 2020 occurred in these two regions: of 19 833 900 estimated LBW births worldwide, 8 817 000 (445%) were in southern Asia and 5 381 300 (271%) were in sub-Saharan Africa. Of 945 300 estimated LBW births in northern America, Australia and New Zealand, central Asia, and Europe, approximately 350% (323 700) weighed less than 2000 g: 58% (95% CI 52-64; 54 800 [95% CI 49 400-60 800]) weighed less than 1000 g, 90% (87-94; 85 400 [82 000-88 900]) weighed between 1000 g and 1499 g, and 194% (190-198; 183 500 [180 000-187 000]) weighed between 1500 g and 1999 g. Interpretation Insufficient progress has occurred over the past two decades to meet the Global Nutrition Target of a 30% reduction in LBW between 2012 and 2030. Accelerating progress requires investments throughout the lifecycle focused on primary prevention, especially for adolescent girls and women living in the most affected countries. With increasing numbers of births in facilities and advancing electronic information systems, improvements in the quality and availability of administrative LBW data are also achievable.
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