| 1. |
- Kowal, Marta, et al.
(författare)
-
Reasons for Facebook Usage : Data From 46 Countries
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Seventy-nine percent of internet users use Facebook, and on average they access Facebook eight times a day (Greenwood et al., 2016). To put these numbers into perspective, according to Clement (2019), around 30% of the world's population uses this Online Social Network (OSN) site.Despite the constantly growing body of academic research on Facebook (Chou et al., 2009; Back et al., 2010; Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010; McAndrew and Jeong, 2012; Wilson et al., 2012; Krasnova et al., 2017), there remains limited research regarding the motivation behind Facebook use across different cultures. Our main goal was to collect data from a large cross-cultural sample of Facebook users to examine the roles of sex, age, and, most importantly, cultural differences underlying Facebook use.
|
|
| 2. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(författare)
-
The Scharff technique: training military intelligence officers to elicit information from small cells of sources
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X. ; 26:5, s. 438-460
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the Scharff technique for gathering human intelligence, but little is known about how this efficacy might vary among different samples of practitioners. In this training study we examined a sample of military officers (n = 37). Half was trained in the Scharff technique and compared against officers receiving no Scharff training. All officers received the same case file describing two sources holding information about a terrorist attack. University students (n = 74) took the role of the semi-cooperative sources. Scharff-trained officers adhered to the training as they (1) aimed to establish the ‘knowing-it-all’ illusion, (2) posed claims as a means of eliciting information, and (3) asked fewer explicit questions. The ‘untrained’ officers asked many explicit questions, questioned the reliability of the provided information, pressured the source, and displayed disappointment with the source's contribution. Scharff-trained officers were perceived as less eager to gather information and left their sources with the impression of having provided comparatively less new information, but collected a similar amount of new information as their untrained colleagues. The present paper both replicates and advances previous work in the field, and marks the Scharff technique as a promising technique for gathering human intelligence. © 2019, © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
|
|
| 3. |
- Rantamaki, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Eliciting intelligence from sources informed about counter-interrogation strategies: An experimental study on the Scharff technique
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. - : Wiley. - 1544-4759 .- 1544-4767. ; 17:2, s. 191-211
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Scharff technique aims to elicit information by affecting the source's perception of the interviewer's existing knowledge. Although the technique has been found to be effective for gathering new information, countermeasures to the technique have not been examined. In a 2 x 2 between-subjects experiment, we informed half of the 120 sources about the counter-interrogation strategy of carefully considering the interviewer's prior knowledge and the tactic of providing information perceived as already known to the interviewer. After this, sources were interviewed with the Scharff technique or the Direct approach, widely used in human intelligence-gathering situations and consisting of open-ended and direct questions. We found that "informed sources" did not succeed in revealing information already known to the interviewer, where informed sources and uninformed sources revealed known information to a similar degree (1.62 pieces vs. 1.65 pieces). Sources interviewed with the Direct approach (vs. Scharff technique) revealed a larger amount of information previously known to the interviewer (2.18 pieces vs. 1.08 pieces). When interviewed with the Scharff technique, sources informed about the counter-interrogation strategy attempted to adopt more counter-interrogation strategies. The present study replicates earlier research on the Scharff technique as a technique effective in affecting the source's perception of the interviewer's prior knowledge. The results of the current study indicate that both the Scharff technique and the Direct approach might be similarly robust against counter-interrogation strategies, in terms of gathering new information. Future studies should focus on implementing more comprehensive training in counter-interrogation strategies for the sources.
|
|
| 4. |
- Conroy-Beam, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Assortative mating and the evolution of desirability covariation
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Evolution and human behavior. - : Elsevier. - 1090-5138 .- 1879-0607. ; 40:5, s. 479-491
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mate choice lies dose to differential reproduction, the engine of evolution. Patterns of mate choice consequently have power to direct the course of evolution. Here we provide evidence suggesting one pattern of human mate choice-the tendency for mates to be similar in overall desirability-caused the evolution of a structure of correlations that we call the d factor. We use agent-based models to demonstrate that assortative mating causes the evolution of a positive manifold of desirability, d, such that an individual who is desirable as a mate along any one dimension tends to be desirable across all other dimensions. Further, we use a large cross-cultural sample with n = 14,478 from 45 countries around the world to show that this d-factor emerges in human samples, is a cross-cultural universal, and is patterned in a way consistent with an evolutionary history of assortative mating. Our results suggest that assortative mating can explain the evolution of a broad structure of human trait covariation.
|
|
| 5. |
- Conroy-Beam, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Contrasting Computational Models of Mate Preference Integration Across 45 Countries
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans express a wide array of ideal mate preferences. Around the world, people desire romantic partners who are intelligent, healthy, kind, physically attractive, wealthy, and more. In order for these ideal preferences to guide the choice of actual romantic partners, human mating psychology must possess a means to integrate information across these many preference dimensions into summaries of the overall mate value of their potential mates. Here we explore the computational design of this mate preference integration process using a large sample of n = 14,487 people from 45 countries around the world. We combine this large cross-cultural sample with agent-based models to compare eight hypothesized models of human mating markets. Across cultures, people higher in mate value appear to experience greater power of choice on the mating market in that they set higher ideal standards, better fulfill their preferences in choice, and pair with higher mate value partners. Furthermore, we find that this cross-culturally universal pattern of mate choice is most consistent with a Euclidean model of mate preference integration.
|
|
| 6. |
- Oleszkiewicz, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Establishing cooperation and eliciting information: Semi-cooperative sources’ affective resistance and cognitive strategies
- 2019
-
Ingår i: The Routledge International Handbook of Legal and Investigative Psychology. Ray Bull, Iris Blandón-Gitlin (red.). - : Taylor and Francis. - 9781000692136 ; , s. 255-268
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter outlines some of the existing research-based strategies and tactics developed to gather information from semi-cooperative subjects. The chapter suggests that a subject’s resistance postures are different from their counter-interview strategies. It further suggests that the resistance dimension translates to the quality of the relationship between the interacting parts (e.g., the willingness to communicate with the interviewer), whereas the counter-interview dimension translates to the precision of the information being revealed (i.e., the accuracy and precision of the gathered information). The chapter proposes that the interviewer can be more successful with establishing a functional working relationship by applying social influence strategies and that interviewers can be more successful with gathering specific pieces of information by applying cognitive influence strategies. The chapter then categorizes the research-based interview techniques based on what type of behavior they primarily aim to affect. The chapter concludes with outlining some positive findings from having trained interviewers to adopt science-based strategies. © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Ray Bull and Iris Blandón-Gitlin.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Oleszkiewicz, S., et al.
(författare)
-
The adaptable law enforcement officer: Exploring adaptability in a covert police context
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259 .- 2044-8333. ; 27:2, s. 265-282
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adaptability refers to cognitive, behavioural and emotional adjustments that assist in effectively responding to novel and uncertain situations. It is acknowledged as a key attribute of the successful management of dynamic interpersonal interactions. Yet, adaptability remains largely unstudied in the field of psychology and law. Here, we take the first steps to fill this research gap. In Study 1, university students (n = 30) acted as 'agents' that had to complete three 'undercover missions' that required an adaptive response. Adaptability was measured through a self-report scale. In Study 2, practitioners (n = 22), experienced with covert policing, watched recordings of the undercover missions from Experiment 1. The practitioners rated the adaptive responses of the agents, as well as their ability to attain the mission objectives. The findings showed that our experimental set-up successfully elicited adaptive behaviour. Practitioners' ratings of adaptability were strongly related to their ratings of trustworthiness, rapport and belief in whether the agent would accomplish their missions, but not with actual mission success. The results highlight the potential importance of adaptability for law enforcement contexts.
|
|
| 9. |
- Oleszkiewicz, Simon, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Trust Building Strategies: Facilitating Cooperation in an Interrogative Context.
- 2017
-
Ingår i: American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS) Annual Conference. Seattle, USA: 16-18 March.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- While research has demonstrated the importance of rapport in the HUMINT context, further research is needed to better understand the construct. This study drew on the trust literature in an attempt to clarify the structure of rapport. Trust research has focused on cognitive and affective processes leading to interpersonal trust and characteristics predicting trustworthiness. We introduce a conceptual model defining trust-building strategies as requiring predictability and genuineness, risk, reciprocity, and independence. These principles informed the development of two trust-building strategies: demonstrating trustworthiness and demonstrating a willingness to trust. Preliminary results suggest that cognitive processes predict cooperation in an interrogative context.
|
|
| 10. |
- Sorokowska, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
-
Affective Interpersonal Touch in Close Relationships : A Cross-Cultural Perspective
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. - : Sage Publications. - 0146-1672 .- 1552-7433. ; 47:12, s. 1705-1721
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interpersonal touch behavior differs across cultures, yet no study to date has systematically tested for cultural variation in affective touch, nor examined the factors that might account for this variability. Here, over 14,000 individuals from 45 countries were asked whether they embraced, stroked, kissed, or hugged their partner, friends, and youngest child during the week preceding the study. We then examined a range of hypothesized individual-level factors (sex, age, parasitic history, conservatism, religiosity, and preferred interpersonal distance) and cultural-level factors (regional temperature, parasite stress, regional conservatism, collectivism, and religiosity) in predicting these affective-touching behaviors. Our results indicate that affective touch was most prevalent in relationships with partners and children, and its diversity was relatively higher in warmer, less conservative, and religious countries, and among younger, female, and liberal people. This research allows for a broad and integrated view of the bases of cross-cultural variability in affective touch.
|
|
