| 1. |
- Lundin, Erik, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Strong climate impact on the carbon emission – burial balance inhigh latitude lakes
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Lakes play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle by burying C in sediments and emitting CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere. The strengths of these fundamentally different pathways are critical for quantifying effects of lakes upon the climate system. In this study, based on new high-resolution estimates in combination with literature data, we show a generally ten times higher emission:burial ratio in boreal compared to subarctic-arctic lakes. These results suggest a major bioclimatic impact on C cycling in lakes, as lakes in warmer boreal regions emit more and store relatively less C than lakes in colder arctic regions. Thus, our results reveal a previously unforeseen longterm climate feedback: if predictions of the northward expansion of the boreal biome are correct, C emissions of high latitude lakes may increase four-fold, corresponding to 14% of present global lake C evasion to the atmosphere. Such effects are of major importance for understanding feedbacks of climate warming on the continental source-sink function at high latitudes
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| 2. |
- Klaminder, Jonatan, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Using Short-lived Radionuclides to Estimate Rates of Soil Motion in Frost Boils
- 2014
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Ingår i: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. - : Wiley. - 1099-1530 .- 1045-6740. ; 25:3, s. 184-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cryoturbation in high-latitude soils is crucial for the long-term cycling of elements, but the rates of soil motion are poorly constrained. Here, we test whether the rate of frost creep, soil erosion and vertical soil mixing in frost boils can be estimated using short-lived radionuclides (Cs-137 and Pb-210). We find a small-scale variation in Cs-137 and Pb-210 inventories in the lower levels of the eroding regions of frost boils in comparison to the expected depositional sites; hence, the distribution of the radionuclides appears to reflect a lateral transport of atmospheric fallout from the centre of the boil (inner domain) towards the surrounding soil (outer domain). C-14 dating of the soil indicates that fallout of Cs-137 was mobile in the soil and that Pb-210 moved with the soil matrix. A soil creep model and a surface soil erosion model are derived and applied to the lateral and vertical distributions of Pb-210 in the frost boil. Both models predict the expected trajectories of soil motion and provide rates of creep, erosion and mixing at a mm yr(-1) to cm yr(-1) scale. The distribution of Pb-210 provides new insights about the processes and rates of soil mass movement in frost boils, if sound mass-balance models are applied.
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| 3. |
- Lidman, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of past century mining activities on sediment properties and toxicity to freshwater organisms in northern Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 872
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The release of toxic metals from local mining activities often represents a severe environmental hazard for nearby lake ecosystems. Previous studies on the impact of mining have primarily focused on single lakes, with less emphasis on spatial and temporal recovery patterns of multiple lakes within the same catchment, but with different hydrological connection and distance to the pollutant source. This knowledge gap prevents us from assessing the real environmental risk of abandoned mines and understanding ecosystem recovery. This study explores the intensity and spatial patterns of sediment contamination and the potential for ecosystem recovery in three lakes in close vicinity of a lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) mine in Sweden that has been inoperative for >20 years. Dated (210Pb and 137Cs) sediment cores from each lake were used to reconstruct temporal patterns in trace element deposition and relate those with past mining activities. Results show that all lakes were affected by mining, indicated by increasing Pb and Zn concentrations and decreasing organic matter content, at the onset of mining. However, the extent and timing of mining impact differed between lakes, which was partly ascribed to differences in the historical use of tailings and settling ponds. Assessment of toxicity levels in sediments, based on normalized Probable Effect Concentration Quotient (PEC-Q) to organic matter content, provided more consistent results with the historical mining than conventional methods, showing a decreasing impact in lakes once the operations ceased. Still, sediment Pb concentrations were > 10 times higher than pre-mining values, evidencing the urgent need for remediation actions in the study lakes. This study highlights the importance of considering spatial heterogeneity in metal deposition, sediment organic matter content, and hydrological connectivity with tailings when risk assessments are performed in mining-impacted lakes. The use of normalized PEC-Q in toxic assessments is also recommended.
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| 4. |
- Lidman, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of recent mining activities on sediment properties and toxicity to freshwater organisms
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The release of toxic metals from local mining activities often represents a serious environmental hazard, impacting nearby lake ecosystems and resulting in contamination that vary in both space and time. Here, we present dated (210Pb and 137Cs) sediment core results to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns in trace element deposition in lakes (two clearing ponds and one lake) located in the vicinity of a closed lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) mine in northern Sweden. All lakes displayed increased Pb and Zn concentrations after the mining operation started (1943), whereas the organic matter content declined. Lakes used as clearing ponds received higher inputs of Pb, with a sharp increase in Pb concentration occurring when tailing ponds were constructed (1952, 1965 and 1978, respectively) and a decline after the ceasing of the activities (2001). Zn concentrations increased gradually from the mining operation started to present time. The probable effect concentration quotient (PEC-Q) predicted severe toxic effects throughout the mining and post-mining period, but with spatial and temporal differences. Although PEC-Q decreased during post-mining conditions due to reduced Pb concentrations and increased organic matter inflow to the lakes, sediment Pb concentrations were still >10 times higher than during pre-mining conditions. Our results indicate a lake-specific recovery, with slower recovery in lakes used as clearing-ponds. This study highlights the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of local impact from mining activities, both in metal load and sediment properties, leading to lake-specific ecosystem responses and recovery to metal contamination.
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| 5. |
- María Agudelo-Echavarría, Diana, et al.
(författare)
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Historical reconstruction of Small-scale gold mining activities in tropical wetland sediments in Bajo Cauca-Antioquia, Colombia
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global mining activities in Latin America have increased exponentially over the last decade. The present study aims to assess the historical impact of Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining activities (ASGM) in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia, a region characterized by increased mining development over the past century. Historical trends of heavy metals (i.e., Ag, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were reconstructed for the past century in a tropical wetland near the mining district. Results indicate that local mining operations did not have a significant influence in the area until the mid-20th century when metal concentrations began to increase and exceeded background values. The significant increase in both sediment accumulation rates and total organic carbon (TOC) content during the 1920s reflects the deforestation of the area due to the diversification of the economy (e.g. coffee cultivation, mining or animal husbandry). Both concentrations and accumulation rates of metals increased exponentially after the 1980s as a consequence of the reactivation of alluvial gold exploitation, reaching values that exceeded up to 2-5 times the background levels. The historical metal trends in sediments from Las Palmas wetland reflected the historical socio-economic development in Antioquia and can be used as a good proxy for evaluating anthropogenic impacts in this region.
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| 6. |
- Mojarrad, Babak Brian, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Stream Discharge on Hyporheic Exchange
- 2019
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 11:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Streambed morphology, streamflow dynamics, and the heterogeneity of streambed sediments critically controls the interaction between surface water and groundwater. The present study investigated the impact of different flow regimes on hyporheic exchange in a boreal stream in northern Sweden using experimental and numerical approaches. Low-, base-, and high-flow discharges were simulated by regulating the streamflow upstream in the study area, and temperature was used as the natural tracer to monitor the impact of the different flow discharges on hyporheic exchange fluxes in stretches of stream featuring gaining and losing conditions. A numerical model was developed using geomorphological and hydrological properties of the stream and was then used to perform a detailed analysis of the subsurface water flow. Additionally, the impact of heterogeneity in sediment permeability on hyporheic exchange fluxes was investigated. Both the experimental and modelling results show that temporally increasing flow resulted in a larger (deeper) extent of the hyporheic zone as well as longer hyporheic flow residence times. However, the result of the numerical analysis is strongly controlled by heterogeneity in sediment permeability. In particular, for homogeneous sediments, the fragmentation of upwelling length substantially varies with streamflow dynamics due to the contribution of deeper fluxes.
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| 7. |
- Monteux, Sylvain, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term in situ permafrost thaw effects on bacterial communities and potential aerobic respiration
- 2018
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Ingår i: The ISME Journal. - : Springer Nature. - 1751-7362 .- 1751-7370. ; 12:9, s. 2129-2141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The decomposition of large stocks of soil organic carbon in thawing permafrost might depend on more than climate change-induced temperature increases: indirect effects of thawing via altered bacterial community structure (BCS) or rooting patterns are largely unexplored. We used a 10-year in situ permafrost thaw experiment and aerobic incubations to investigate alterations in BCS and potential respiration at different depths, and the extent to which they are related with each other and with root density. Active layer and permafrost BCS strongly differed, and the BCS in formerly frozen soils (below the natural thawfront) converged under induced deep thaw to strongly resemble the active layer BCS, possibly as a result of colonization by overlying microorganisms. Overall, respiration rates decreased with depth and soils showed lower potential respiration when subjected to deeper thaw, which we attributed to gradual labile carbon pool depletion. Despite deeper rooting under induced deep thaw, root density measurements did not improve soil chemistry-based models of potential respiration. However, BCS explained an additional unique portion of variation in respiration, particularly when accounting for differences in organic matter content. Our results suggest that by measuring bacterial community composition, we can improve both our understanding and the modeling of the permafrost carbon feedback.
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| 8. |
- Olid, Carolina, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Decade of experimental permafrost thaw reduces turnover of young carbon and increases losses of old carbon, without affecting the net carbon balance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26:10, s. 5886-5898
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thicker snowpacks and their insulation effects cause winter-warming and invoke thaw of permafrost ecosystems. Temperature-dependent decomposition of previously frozen carbon (C) is currently considered one of the strongest feedbacks between the Arctic and the climate system, but the direction and magnitude of the net C balance remains uncertain. This is because winter effects are rarely integrated with C fluxes during the snow-free season and because predicting the net C balance from both surface processes and thawing deep layers remains challenging. In this study, we quantified changes in the long-term net C balance (net ecosystem production) in a subarctic peat plateau subjected to 10 years of experimental winter-warming. By combining(210)Pb and(14)Cdating of peat cores with peat growth models, we investigated thawing effects on year-round primary production and C losses through respiration and leaching from both shallow and deep peat layers. Winter-warming and permafrost thaw had no effect on the net C balance, but strongly affected gross C fluxes. Carbon losses through decomposition from the upper peat were reduced as thawing of permafrost induced surface subsidence and subsequent waterlogging. However, primary production was also reduced likely due to a strong decline in bryophytes cover while losses from the old C pool almost tripled, caused by the deepened active layer. Our findings highlight the need to estimate long-term responses of whole-year production and decomposition processes to thawing, both in shallow and deep soil layers, as they may contrast and lead to unexpected net effects on permafrost C storage.
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| 9. |
- Olid, Carolina, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Groundwater discharge as a driver of methane emissions from Arctic lakes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lateral CH4 inputs to Arctic lakes through groundwater discharge could be substantial and constitute an important pathway that links CH4 production in thawing permafrost to atmospheric emissions via lakes. Yet, groundwater CH4 inputs and associated drivers are hitherto poorly constrained because their dynamics and spatial variability are largely unknown. Here, we unravel the important role and drivers of groundwater discharge for CH4 emissions from Arctic lakes. Spatial patterns across lakes suggest groundwater inflows are primarily related to lake depth and wetland cover. Groundwater CH4 inputs to lakes are higher in summer than in autumn and are influenced by hydrological (groundwater recharge) and biological drivers (CH4 production). This information on the spatial and temporal patterns on groundwater discharge at high northern latitudes is critical for predicting lake CH4 emissions in the warming Arctic, as rising temperatures, increasing precipitation, and permafrost thawing may further exacerbate groundwater CH4 inputs to lakes.
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| 10. |
- Olid, Carolina, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Methane Transport From the Active Layer in Sustaining Methane Emissions and Food Chains in Subarctic Ponds
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences. - 2169-8953 .- 2169-8961. ; 126:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Groundwater discharge from the seasonally thawed active layer is increasingly recognized as an important pathway for delivering methane (CH4) into Arctic lakes and streams, but its contribution to CH4 emissions from thaw ponds and its influence on the trophic support and nutritional quality of pond food chains remains unexplored. We quantified the transport of CH4 from the active layer through groundwater discharge into thaw ponds in a subarctic catchment in northern Sweden, using radon (222Rn) as groundwater tracer. We analyzed stable isotopes and fatty acids of pond macroinvertebrates to evaluate the potential effects of groundwater-mediated CH4 inputs on the aquatic food chains. Our results indicate that active layer groundwater discharge flows are nontrivial (range 6%–46% of pond volume per day) and the associated CH4 fluxes (median 339 mg C m−2day−1, interquartile range [IQR]: 179–419 mg C m−2 day−1) can sustain the diffusive CH4 emissions from most of the ponds (155 mg C m−2 day−1, IQR: 55–234 mg C m−2 day−1). Consumers in ponds receiving greater CH4 inputs from the active layer had lower stable carbon (C) isotope signatures that indicates a greater trophic reliance on methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB), and they had lower nutritional quality as indicated by their lower tissue concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Overall, this work links physical (CH4 transport from the active layer), biogeochemical (CH4 emission), and ecological (MOB-consumer interaction) processes to provide direct evidence for the role of active layer groundwater discharge in CH4 cycling of subarctic thaw ponds.
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