| 1. |
- Arnqvist, Johan, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of Turbulence Accuracy When Modeling Wind in Realistic Forests Using LES
- 2019
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Ingår i: Progress In Turbulence Viii. - Cham : SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG. - 9783030221966 - 9783030221959 ; , s. 291-296
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents an evaluation of wind field simulations, in neutral atmospheric conditions, above a heterogeneous forest. The calculations were performed with Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) code OpenFOAM, with explicit modelling of the forest through drag coefficient and forest density. The findings indicate that a large modelling domain is needed in order to reproduce the measurements in different wind directions, since the effect of far upwind forest characteristics influence the wind and turbulence profiles. It is further shown that even though the low resolution of the LES simulations lead to slightly misrepresented single point turbulence characteristics, two point turbulence characteristics are well predicted due to spatial filtering of the small scales.
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| 2. |
- Asmuth, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Actuator line simulations of wind turbine wakes using the lattice Boltzmann method
- 2020
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Ingår i: Wind Energy Science. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 2366-7443 .- 2366-7451. ; 5:2, s. 623-645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The high computational demand of large-eddy simulations (LESs) remains the biggest obstacle for a wider applicability of the method in the field of wind energy. Recent progress of GPU-based (graphics processing unit) lattice Boltzmann frameworks provides significant performance gains alleviating such constraints. The presented work investigates the potential of LES of wind turbine wakes using the cumulant lattice Boltzmann method (CLBM). The wind turbine is represented by the actuator line model (ALM). The implementation is validated and discussed by means of a code-to-code comparison to an established finite-volume Navier–Stokes solver. To this end, the ALM is subjected to both laminar and turbulent inflow while a standard Smagorinsky sub-grid-scale model is employed in the two numerical approaches. The resulting wake characteristics are discussed in terms of the first- and second-order statistics as well the spectra of the turbulence kinetic energy. The near-wake characteristics in laminar inflow are shown to match closely with differences of less than 3 % in the wake deficit. Larger discrepancies are found in the far wake and relate to differences in the point of the laminar-turbulent transition of the wake. In line with other studies, these differences can be attributed to the different orders of accuracy of the two methods. Consistently better agreement is found in turbulent inflow due to the lower impact of the numerical scheme on the wake transition. In summary, the study outlines the feasibility of wind turbine simulations using the CLBM and further validates the presented set-up. Furthermore, it highlights the computational potential of GPU-based LBM implementations for wind energy applications. For the presented cases, near-real-time performance was achieved using a single, off-the-shelf GPU on a local workstation.
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| 3. |
- Asmuth, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of Weak Compressibility in Actuator Line Simulations of Wind Turbine Wakes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 1618
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The trend of increasing rotor diameters and tip-speeds has brought about concerns of non-negligible compressibility effects in wind turbine aerodynamics. The investigation of such effects on wakes is particularly difficult when using actuator line models (ALM). This is because crucial regions of the flow, i.e. the direct vicinity of the blade, are not simulated but represented by body forces. To separately assess the impact of compressibility on the wake and the ALM itself, we conduct large-eddy simulations (LES) where the forces of the ALM are prescribed and based on the local sampled velocity (standard procedure), respectively. The LES are based on the weakly-compressible Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Further to the comparison of (near-)incompressible to compressible simulations we investigate cases with artificially increased compressibility. This is commonly done in weakly-compressible approaches to reduce the computational demand. The investigation with prescribed forces shows that compressibility effects in the wake flow are negligible. Small differences in the wake velocity (of max. 1%) are found to be related to local compressibility effects in the direct vicinity of the ALM. Most significantly, compressibility is found to affect the sampled velocity and thereby accuracy of the ALM.
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| 4. |
- Asmuth, Henrik
(författare)
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Efficient Large-eddy Simulation for Wind Energy Applications
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Modelling the interaction of wind turbines with the ambient flow is essential for almost all technical aspects of wind energy exploitation. Large-eddy simulation (LES) is the most detailed approach feasible to model this complex interaction of wind turbines with the atmospheric boundary layer and the wakes of upstream turbines. Despite more than twenty years of fundamental research on wind turbine modelling with LES, applications of the method remain limited to academic use cases to date. The main bottleneck hindering a broader adoption of LES in the industrial practice is the large computational demand of the method. Nevertheless, it holds enormous potential for addressing various modelling challenges arising from current trends in wind energy.A promising alternative to classical numerical approaches for LES is the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). In particular, GPU-based (graphics processing unit) implementations of the method provide significant performance gains and have enabled unprecedented computational efficiencies for LES in different fields of fluid dynamics. Still, the LBM´s potential for wind energy applications remains untapped due to open questions, some of which are specific to the field. This thesis addresses two specific problems in applications of LES to wind turbine and farm simulations. First, is the representation of wind turbines with the actuator line technique. And, second, is the modelling of the surface shear stress in simulations of atmospheric boundary layers. Both aspects are crucial to enable LES for wind energy applications with the LBM, as is usually done with conventional approaches.As for the former, an LBM implementation of the actuator line model is applied in multiple studies on wind turbine wakes. Code-to-code comparisons and experimental validations show that the model can accurately capture the aerodynamic forces acting on the turbine blades as well as the wake characteristics. For the simulation of boundary layer flows a novel LBM-specific wall model is developed. The model, referred to as inverse momentum exchange method, imposes the surface shear stress at the first offwall grid points by adjusting the slip velocity in bounce-back boundary schemes. Simulations are compared to theoretical, numerical, and experimental reference data of isothermal boundary layer flows. It is consistently found that both mean quantities and higherorder turbulence statistics can be well-captured by wall-modelled lattice Boltzmann LES using the presented wall model and the employed cumulant collision scheme.The results presented illustrate that the LBM is a suitable approach for state-of-the-art LES of wind turbine wakes and boundary layer flows. Moreover, the applied method is shown to be robust, and, above all, extremely computationally efficient. Based on the observed computational efficiencies, it is concluded that industry LES for wind energy applications is possible with GPU-based LBM solvers. Furthermore, additional studies presented in this thesis illustrate further potentials of the method. Such are applications of reinforcement learning to wind farm control or large-scale data generation for the training of deep learning models for wake predictions.
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| 5. |
- Asmuth, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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The Actuator Line Model in Lattice Boltzmann Frameworks : Numerical Sensitivity and Computational Performance
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 1256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing use of large-eddy simulations for the modelling of wind farms makes the need for efficient numerical frameworks more essential than ever. GPU-accelerated implementations of the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) have shown to provide significant performance gains over classical Navier-Stokes-based computational fluid dynamics. Yet, their use in the field of wind energy remains limited to date. In this fundamental study the cumulant LBM is scrutinised for actuator line simulations of wind turbines. The numerical sensitivity of the method in a simple uniform inflow is investigated with respect to spatial and temporal resolution as well as the width of the actuator line’s regularisation kernel. Comparable accuracy and slightly better stability properties are shown in relation to a standard Navier-Stokes implementation. The results indicate the overall suitability of the cumulant LBM for wind turbine wake simulations. The potential of the LBM for future wind energy applications is clarified by means of a brief comparison of computational performance.
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| 6. |
- Asmuth, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Wall-modeled lattice Boltzmann large-eddy simulation of neutral atmospheric boundary layers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Physics of fluids. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 1070-6631 .- 1089-7666. ; 33:10, s. 105111-105111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) sees a growing popularity in the field of atmospheric sciences and wind energy, largely due to itsexcellent computational performance. Still, LBM large-eddy simulation (LES) studies of canonical atmospheric boundary layer flows remainlimited. One reason for this is the early stage of development of LBM-specific wall models. In this work, we discuss LBM–LES of isothermalpressure-driven rough-wall boundary layers using a cumulant collision model. To that end, we also present a novel wall modeling approach,referred to as inverse momentum exchange method (iMEM). The iMEM enforces a wall shear stress at the off-wall grid points by adjustingthe slip velocity in bounce-back boundary schemes. In contrast to other methods, the approach does not rely on the eddy viscosity, nor doesit require the reconstruction of distribution functions. Initially, we investigate different aspects of the modeling of the wall shear stress, i.e.,an averaging of the input velocity as well as the wall-normal distance of its sampling location. Particularly, sampling locations above the firstoff-wall node are found to be an effective measure to reduce the occurring log-layer mismatch. Furthermore, we analyze the turbulence statis-tics at different grid resolutions. The results are compared to phenomenological scaling laws, experimental, and numerical references. Theanalysis demonstrates a satisfactory performance of the numerical model, specifically when compared to a well-established mixed pseudo-spectral finite difference (PSFD) solver. Generally, the study underlines the suitability of the LBM and particularly the cumulant LBM forcomputationally efficient LES of wall-modeled boundary layer flows.
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| 7. |
- Avila, M., et al.
(författare)
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Daily cycle simulations of thermally stratified flows over forests
- 2019
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Ingår i: Wake Conference 2019 22–24 May 2019, Visby, Sweden. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present work is to obtain a better understanding of how to model the thermally stratified wind field over a forest during full diurnal cycles. The setup of the study assumes a horizontally homogeneous forest, with the objective of finding a simple and efficient way to model the canopy flow using time-dependent input data, obtained from measurements and mesoscale simulations. With this, new insights can be gained for future microscale modelling of complex forested terrains using mesoscale input data. In terrain without forest a diurnal cycle is commonly simulated by imposing time-dependent ground temperature. However, the presence of forests partially isolates the temperature at ground level from the flow above the canopy, making this common approach ineffective. This work proposes imposing the time-dependent net radiation at the forest canopy top to drive the thermal stratification changes along the diurnal cycle. To this end, several full days of simulation are driven by prescribing the net radiative heat flux balance measured on top of the canopy, together with a geostrophic pressure gradient. The advantage of the method is its simplicity and that the input data can be easily obtained from mesoscale modelling. When compared to the observations at the Swedish site Ryningsnas, the new method dramatically improves estimations of wind speed, wind direction and turbulent kinetic energy compared to simulations that only assume neutral stratification. Out of the variables studied, temperature and turbulent heat flux profiles were the ones that qualitatively followed the measurements the best, while wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy showed a larger disagreement.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Breton, Simon-Philippe, et al.
(författare)
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Study Of The Influence Of Atmospheric turbulence On The Asymptotic wake Deficit In A very Long Line Of Wind Turbines
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Aerodynamics of Offshore Wind Energy Systems and Wakes (ICOWES 2013). - Denmark. ; , s. 420-434
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of atmospheric turbulence on the development of the flow along a long row of wind turbines is studied, in search for an asymptotic wake deficit state. Calculations are performed using EllipSys3D, a CFD code that solves the Navier-Stokes equations in their incompressible form using a finite volume approach. In this code, the Large Eddy Simulation technique is used for modelling turbulence, and the wind turbine rotors are represented as actuator disks whose loading is determined through the use of tabulated airfoil data by applying the blade-element method.Ten turbines are located along a row and separated from each other by seven rotor diameters, which is representative of the distance used in today’s offshore wind farms. Turbulence is pregenerated with the Mann model, with imposed turbulent levels of 4.5 and 8.9%. The turbines are in this study isolated from their environment, as no effect from the ground is modeled. This makes the proposed study of the asymptotic wake state behavior easier. Analysis of the characteristics of the flow as a function of the position along the row of turbines is performed in terms of turbulence intensity, mean velocity, and power spectra of the velocity fluctuations. Power production along the row of turbines is also used as an indicator.Calculations are performed below rated power, where a generator torque controller implemented in EllipSys3D renders it possible for the turbines to adapt to the inlet conditions in which they operate.The results obtained for the turbulence intensity, power and mean velocity as a function of downstream distance show that an asymptotic wake state seems close to be reached near the end of the 10 turbine row. They also show a certain dependency on the imposed level of turbulence. Uncertainties obtained in the power spectra of the velocity fluctuations suggest that further investigation is necessary.
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| 10. |
- Ivanell, Stefan, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Micro-scale model comparison (benchmark) at the moderately complex forested site Ryningsnäs
- 2018
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Ingår i: Wind Energy Science. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 2366-7443 .- 2366-7451. ; 3:2, s. 929-946
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article describes a study in which modellers were challenged to compute the wind field at a forested site with moderately complex topography. The task was to model the wind field in stationary conditions with neutral stratification by using the wind velocity measured at 100 m at a metmast as the only reference. Detailed maps of terrain elevation and forest densities were provided as the only inputs, derived from airborne laser scans (ALSs) with a resolution of 10 m x 10 m covering an area of 50 km x 50 km, that closely match the actual forest and elevation of the site. The participants were free to apply their best practices for the simulation to decide the size of the domain, the value of the geostrophic wind, and every other modelling parameter. The comparison of the results with the measurements is shown for the vertical profiles of wind speed, shear, wind direction, and turbulent kinetic energy. The ALS-based data resulted in reasonable agreement of the wind profile and turbulence magnitude. The best performance was found to be that of large-eddy simulations using a very large domain. For the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes type of models, the constants in the turbulence closure were shown to have a great influence on the yielded turbulence level, but were of much less importance for the wind speed profile. Of the variety of closure constants used by the participating modellers, the closure constants from Sogachev and Panferov (2006) proved to agree best with the measurements. Particularly the use of C-mu approximate to 0.03 in the k-epsilon model obtained better agreement with turbulence level measurements. All except two participating models used the full detailed ground and forest information to model the forest, which is considered significant progress compared to previous conventional approaches. Overall, the article gives an overview of how well different types of models are able to capture the flow physics at a moderately complex forested site.
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