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- Vos, Theo, et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 386:9995, s. 743-800
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Methods Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries. Findings Disease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2.4 billion and 1.6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537.6 million in 1990 to 764.8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114.87 per 1000 people to 110.31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21.1% in 1990 to 31.2% in 2013. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries.
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| 5. |
- Ozolins, Oskars, et al.
(författare)
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100 GHz EML for high speed optical interconnect applications
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9783800742745 ; , s. 127-129
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on a 116 Gbit/s OOK, 4PAM and 105 Gbit/s 8PAM optical transmitter using InP-based integrated EML for interconnect applications with up to 30 dB static extinction ratio and over 100 GHz 3 dB bandwidth with 2 dB ripple.
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| 6. |
- Ozolins, O, et al.
(författare)
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High-speed optical interconnects with integrated externally modulated laser
- 2017
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Ingår i: Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), 2017 19th International Conference on. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781538608593 ; , s. 1-1
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The cloud services together with the huge size datasets are driving demand for bandwidth in datacenters [1]. The 400 Gbps client-side links are demanding cost efficient solution: to reduce the number of lanes and increase the bandwidth for a single lane. The intensity modulation and direct-detection systems together with integrated semiconductor lasers and modulators appear as promising solution in four optical lanes at 100G since it reduces complexity, power consumption and costs [2]. However, it requires silicon and InP opto-electronic components with more than 70 GHz bandwidth [3]. In this talk, we report on a cost-efficient integrated externally modulated laser (EML) with high bandwidth for record high-speed intensity modulation and direct detection system demonstration with up to 100G OOK, PAM4/8 and duobinary signaling, as well as analog modulations e.g. DMT, paving the way for high speed multilevel modulation formats [4–6]. Related techniques including digital signal processing algorithms for timing recovery, adaptive/static equalization are also discussed in terms of practical implementation and complexity. In addition, techniques constructively using time domain super-Nyquist image induced aliasing for mitigating modulator driver nonlinearity for high speed DMT transmission will be presented [6], [7].
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| 7. |
- Tatarczak, A., et al.
(författare)
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Enabling 4-Lane Based 400 G Client-Side Transmission Links with MultiCAP Modulation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Advances in Optical Technologies. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1687-6393 .- 1687-6407. ; 2015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a uniform solution for a future client-side 400 G Ethernet standard based on MultiCAP advanced modulation format, intensity modulation, and direct detection. It employs 4 local area networks-wavelength division multiplexing (LAN-WDM) lanes in 1300 nm wavelength band and parallel optics links based on vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) in 850 nm wavelength band. Total bit rate of 432 Gbps is transmitted over unamplified 20 km standard single mode fiber link and over 40 km link with semiconductor optical amplifier. 70.4 Gb/s transmission over 100 m of OM3 multimode fiber using off-the-shelf 850 nm VCSEL with 10.1 GHz 3 dB bandwidth is demonstrated indicating the feasibility of achieving 100 Gb/s per lane with a single 25 GHz VCSEL. In this review paper we introduce and present in one place the benefits of MultiCAP as versatile scheme for use in a number of client-side scenarios: short range, long range, and extended range.
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