| 1. |
- Meyer, H., et al.
(författare)
-
Overview of progress in European medium sized tokamaks towards an integrated plasma-edge/wall solution
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 57:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Integrating the plasma core performance with an edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) that leads to tolerable heat and particle loads on the wall is a major challenge. The new European medium size tokamak task force (EU-MST) coordinates research on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), MAST and TCV. This multi-machine approach within EU-MST, covering a wide parameter range, is instrumental to progress in the field, as ITER and DEMO core/pedestal and SOL parameters are not achievable simultaneously in present day devices. A two prong approach is adopted. On the one hand, scenarios with tolerable transient heat and particle loads, including active edge localised mode (ELM) control are developed. On the other hand, divertor solutions including advanced magnetic configurations are studied. Considerable progress has been made on both approaches, in particular in the fields of: ELM control with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP), small ELM regimes, detachment onset and control, as well as filamentary scrape-off-layer transport. For example full ELM suppression has now been achieved on AUG at low collisionality with n = 2 RMP maintaining good confinement H-H(98,H-y2) approximate to 0.95. Advances have been made with respect to detachment onset and control. Studies in advanced divertor configurations (Snowflake, Super-X and X-point target divertor) shed new light on SOL physics. Cross field filamentary transport has been characterised in a wide parameter regime on AUG, MAST and TCV progressing the theoretical and experimental understanding crucial for predicting first wall loads in ITER and DEMO. Conditions in the SOL also play a crucial role for ELM stability and access to small ELM regimes.
|
|
| 2. |
- Blomquist, Nicklas, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of Geometry on Large-scale Tube-shear Exfoliation of Multilayer Graphene and Nanographite in Water
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrially scalable methods for the production of graphene and other nanographites are needed to achieve cost-efficient commercial products. At present, there are several available routes for the production of these materials but few allow large-scale manufacturing and environmentally friendly low-cost solvents are rarely used. We have previously demonstrated a scalable and low-cost industrial route to produce nanographites by tube-shearing in water suspensions. However, for a deeper understanding of the exfoliation mechanism, how and where the actual exfoliation occurs must be known. This study investigates the effect of shear zone geometry, straight and helical coil tubes, on this system based on both numerical simulation and experimental data. The results show that the helical coil tube achieves a more efficient exfoliation with smaller and thinner flakes than the straight version. Furthermore, only the local wall shear stress in the turbulent flow is sufficient for exfoliation since the laminar flow contribution is well below the needed range, indicating that exfoliation occurs at the tube walls. This explains the exfoliation mechanism of water-based tube-shear exfoliation, which is needed to achieve scaling to industrial levels of few-layer graphene with known and consequent quality.
|
|
| 3. |
- Olsen, Martin, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Frequency and voltage response of a wind-driven fluttering triboelectric nanogenerator
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG:s) are used as efficient energy transducers in energy harvesting converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Wind is an abundant source of mechanical energy but how should a good triboelectric wind harvester be designed? We have built and studied a TENG driven by air flow in a table-top sized wind tunnel. Our TENG constitutes of a plastic film of size10 cm × 2 cm which is fluttering between two copper electrodes generating enough power to light up a battery of LED:s. We measured the voltage and frequency of fluttering at different wind speeds from zero up to 8 m/s for three electrode distances 6 mm, 10 mm and 14 mm. We found that the frequency increases linearly with the wind speed with a cutoff at some low speed. Power was generated already at 1.6 m/s. We seem to be able to explain the observed frequency dependence on wind speed by assuming excitation of the film into different harmonics in response to von Kármán vortices. We also find that the voltage increase linearly with frequency. We anticipate that TENG:s of this design could be useful both as generators and speed sensors because they work at low air speeds.
|
|
| 4. |
- Olsen, Martin, 1971-
(författare)
-
Nanomechanics – Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nanomechanics is different from the mechanics that we experience in everyday life. At the nano-scale, typically defined as 1 to 100 nanometers, some phenomena are of crucial importance, while the same phenomena can be completely neglected on a larger scale. For example, the feet of a gekko are covered by nanocontacts that yield such high adhesion forces that the animal can run up on walls and even on the ceiling. At small enough distances, matter and energy become discrete, and the description of the phenomena occurring at this scale requires quantum mechanics. However, at room temperature the transitions between quantized energy levels may be concealed by the thermal vibrations of the system. As two surfaces approach each other and come into contact, electrostatic forces and van der Waals forces may cause redistribution of matter at the nano level. One effect that may occur upon contact between two surfaces is the triboelectric effect, in which charge is transferred from one surface to the other.This effect can be used to generate electricity in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), where two surfaces are repeatedly brought in and out of contact, and where the charge transfer is turned into electrical energy.This thesis concerns nanomechanics addressing whether quantum mechanics play a role in elastic deformation, as well as various mechanical aspects of nanocontacts including electric charging. The objectives are to contribute to the understanding when quantum effects are of importance at the nanolevel, increase the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms responsible for triboelectric phenomena and apply the triboelectric effect to a wind harvesting device.For more insight into whether quantum effects are of importance in nanomechanics, we use a one dimensional jellium model and the standard beam theory allowing the spring constant of an oscillating nanowire cantilever to be calculated. As the nanowire bends, more electron states fit in its cross section, giving rise to an amplitude dependent resonance frequency of the nanowire oscillations.Furthermore, a model for electric field induced surface diffusion of adatoms was developed. The model takes electrostatic forces and van der Waals forces into account as a voltage is applied between a scanning tunneling microscope tip and a sample. The calculated force on the adatoms at the surface of the sample, which is stemming from the inhomogeneous electric field and the dipole moment of the adatoms, is relatively small, but due to thermal vibrations adatoms diffuse and form mounds at the sample.When bringing two different materials into contact, the difference in triboelectric potentials between the materials results in electric charging. To increase the understanding of triboelectricity, a two-level Schottky model, assuming ion transfer, was developed to describe the temperature dependence of the triboelectric effect for a TENG. The two levels correspond to the binding energy for ions on the two surfaces that are brought into contact, where the difference in binding energy enters the Boltzmanndistribution. The model describes the decreasing triboelectric effect in TENG:s with increasing temperature as described in the literature, and results in a separation energy, which is of the right order of magnitude for physically adsorbed atoms.It was recently demonstrated that TENGs can convert wind energy into electrical energy. Here, a TENG based on a plastic film fluttering between two copper electrodes was constructed. It was found that the frequency of the the fluttering film increases linearly with the wind speed. TENG:s designed in this way generate electricity already at low wind speed, and we therefore expect such TENG:s to be useful both as generators and speed sensors in the future.While quantum mechanics is of importance in a limited number of nanomechanical systems, nanocontacts have a broader meaning, and are crucial for the understanding of triboelectric phenomena. We anticipate that the findings in this thesis will contribute to a better understanding of nanomechanics, in particular the mechanism of triboelectricity.
|
|
| 5. |
- Olsen, Martin, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Nonharmonic oscillations of nanosized cantilevers due to quantum-size effects
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Physical Review B Condensed Matter. - 0163-1829 .- 1095-3795. ; 81:5, s. 054304-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a one-dimensional jellium model and standard beam theory we calculate the spring constant of a vibrating nanowire cantilever. By using the asymptotic energy eigenvalues of the standing electron waves over the nanometer-sized cross-section area, the change in the grand canonical potential is calculated and hence the force and the spring constant. As the wire is bent more electron states fits in its cross section. This has an impact on the spring "constant" which oscillates slightly with the bending of the wire. In this way we obtain an amplitude-dependent resonans frequency that should be detectable.
|
|
| 6. |
- Olsen, Martin, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Schottky model for triboelectric temperature dependence
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 8:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The triboelectric effect, charging by contact, is the working principle in a device called a triboelectric nanogenerator. They are used as efficient energy transducers in energy harvesting. In such generators the charging of surfaces at contact is followed by a separation of the surfaces increasing the electrical energy which can subsequently be used. Different materials have different triboelectric potentials leading to charging at contact. The temperature dependence of the charging has just recently been studied: the triboelectric effect is decreasing with temperature for a generator of Al-PTFE-Cu. Here, we suggest a mechanism to explain this effect assuming ion transfer using a two-level Schottky model where the two levels corresponds to the two surfaces. The difference in binding energy for ions on the two surfaces then enters the formula for charging. We fit the triboelectric power density as a function of temperature obtained from a two-level Schottky model to measured data for nanogenerators made of Al-PTFE-Cu found in three references. We obtain an average separation energy corresponding to a temperature of 365 K which is of the right magnitude for physically adsorbed atoms. We anticipate that this model could be used for many types of triboelectric nanogenerators.
|
|
| 7. |
- Olsen, Martin, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Surface modifications by field induced diffusion
- 2012
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:1, s. Art. no. e30106-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By applying a voltage pulse to a scanning tunneling microscope tip the surface under the tip will be modified. We have inthis paper taken a closer look at the model of electric field induced surface diffusion of adatoms including the van der Waalsforce as a contribution in formations of a mound on a surface. The dipole moment of an adatom is the sum of the surfaceinduced dipole moment (which is constant) and the dipole moment due to electric field polarisation which depends on thestrength and polarity of the electric field. The electric field is analytically modelled by a point charge over an infiniteconducting flat surface. From this we calculate the force that cause adatoms to migrate. The calculated force is small forvoltage used, typical 1 pN, but due to thermal vibration adatoms are hopping on the surface and even a small net force canbe significant in the drift of adatoms. In this way we obtain a novel formula for a polarity dependent threshold voltage formound formation on the surface for positive tip. Knowing the voltage of the pulse we then can calculate the radius of theformed mound. A threshold electric field for mound formation of about 2 V/nm is calculated. In addition, we found that vander Waals force is of importance for shorter distances and its contribution to the radial force on the adatoms has to beconsidered for distances smaller than 1.5 nm for commonly used voltages.
|
|
| 8. |
- Olsen, Martin, 1971-
(författare)
-
The mechanics in two nanosized systems : Size effect and threshold field
- 2012
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the mechanics in two nanosized system. Paper I investigates a size effect in a cantilever nanowire affecting its resonance frequency. Paper II reveals a threshold field for the formation of a mound by the diffusion of surface atoms on a substrate under a STM-tip.Paper I: Using a one dimensional jellium model and standard beam theory we calculate the spring constant of a vibrating nanowire cantilever. By using the asymptotic energy eigenvalues of the standing electron waves over the nanometer sized cross section area, the change in the grand canonical potential is calculated and hence the force and the spring constant. As the wire bends, more electron states fits in its cross section. This has an impact on the spring ”constant” which oscillates slightly with the bending of the wire. In this way we obtain an amplitude dependent resonance frequency of the oscillations that should be detectable.Paper II: By applying a voltage pulse to a scanning tunneling microscope tip, the surface under the tip will be modified. In this paper we have taken a closer look at the model of electric field induced surface diffusion of adatoms including the van der Waals force as a contribution in formations of a mound on a surface. The dipole moment of an adatom is the sum of the surface induced dipole moment (which is constant) and the dipole moment due to electric field polarisation which depends on the strength and polarity of the electric field. The electric field is analytically modelled by a point charge over an infinite conducting flat surface. Based on this we calculate the force that cause adatoms to migrate. The calculated force is small considering the voltage used, typical 1 pN, but due to thermal vibration adatoms are hopping about the surface and even a small net force can be significant in the drift of adatoms. In this way we obtain a novel formula for a polarity dependent thresholdvoltage for mound formation on the surface for positive tip. Knowing the voltage of the pulse, we are then able to calculate the radius of the formed mound. A threshold electric field for mound formation of about 2 V/nm is calculated. In addition, we found that van der Waals force is of importance for shorter distances and its contribution to the radial force on the adatoms has to be considered for distances smaller than 1.5 nm for commonly used voltages.
|
|
| 9. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(författare)
-
A review of the advances in composites/nanocomposites for triboelectric nanogenerators
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nanotechnology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-4484 .- 1361-6528. ; 33:21
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Material development is essential when studying triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This importance is because the performance of TENGs is highly dependent on the properties of the utilized triboelectric materials. To obtain more specific properties, composites have been developed that combine the features of their components. According to Google Scholar, 55% of published papers related to triboelectric nanogenerators have utilized or mentioned composites. This number is 34.5% if one searches with the keyword nanocomposites instead of composites. The importance of composites is because they can exhibit new dielectric properties, better mechanical strength, enhanced charge affinities, etc. Therefore, the development of new composites has great importance in TENG studies. In this paper, we review the production of nanocomposites, the types of nanocomposites, and their application in TENG studies. This review gives an overview of how nanocomposites boost the performance of TENGs and provides guidance for future studies.
|
|
| 10. |
- Zhang, Renyun, et al.
(författare)
-
All-inorganic triboelectric nanogenerators based on Mo6S3I6 and indium tin oxide
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855 .- 2211-3282. ; 89
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Triboelectrification can occur between any two materials with different charge affinities. This phenomenon represents the fundamental physics of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Organic materials such as polymers have been widely used in TENGs because of their dielectric properties. Inorganic materials are, however, not widely studied despite the increasing attention paid to perovskite materials. In this paper, a new type of TENG has been fabricated based only on inorganic materials such as Mo6S3I6 and indium tin oxide (ITO). The output power density of the TENG operating in contact-separation mode reaches 18 W m−2. Mechanisms of the high output involve the unique semiconducting property of Mo6S3I6 and the unique chemical composition of ITO. The findings in this study indicate that inorganic materials can be used for fabricating high-output TENGs for energy harvesting.
|
|
