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- Maack, Heidrun Petursdottir, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal body mass index moderates antenatal depression effects on infant birthweight
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9:1, s. 6213-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Obesity and depression are two common medical problems that pregnant women present with in antenatal care. Overweight and obesity at the beginning of the pregnancy, and excessive weight gain during pregnancy, are independent explanatory variables for fetal birthweight and independent risk factors for giving birth to a large for gestational age (LGA) infant. However, the effect of co-morbid depression has received little attention. This study set out to investigate if maternal body mass index (BMI) in early pregnancy moderates antenatal depression effects on infant birthweight. 3965 pregnant women participated in this longitudinal cohort study, where cases (n = 178) had Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥ 17 in gestational week 17 or 32, and remaining women (n = 3787) were used as controls. The influence of maternal BMI and antenatal depressive symptoms on standardized birthweight was evaluated by analysis of covariance, with adjustment for relevant confounders. Depressed women with BMI 25.0 kg/m2 or more gave birth to infants with significantly greater standardized birthweight than non-depressed overweight women, whereas the opposite pattern was noted in normal weight women (BMI by antenatal depressive symptoms interaction; F(1,3839) = 6.32; p = 0.012. The increased birthweight in women with co-prevalent overweight and depressive symptoms was not explained by increased weight gain during the pregnancy. Maternal BMI at the beginning of pregnancy seems to influence the association between antenatal depressive symptoms and infant birthweight, but in opposite directions depending on whether the pregnant women is normal weight or overweight. Further studies are needed to confirm our finding.
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| 3. |
- Jansson, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Repeated electroconvulsive seizures increase the number of vessel-associated macrophages in rat hippocampus.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of ECT. - 1533-4112. ; 28:3, s. 174-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: We have previously reported that electroconvulsive seizure (ECS)-an animal model of the antidepressant treatment electroconvulsive therapy-causes glial cell activation in hippocampus and other limbic areas. In the current study, we have investigated whether the cellular response to ECS includes recruitment and infiltration of nonresident macrophages into the hippocampal brain parenchyma. METHODS: Adult rats received 1 ECS daily for 10 consecutive days and were then killed at different time points after the last ECS treatment. Brain sections were immunostained for laminin, a matrix protein expressed in the basal membrane of blood vessels, in combination with anti-CD163, which identifies mature blood-borne macrophages. The number of CD163 cells in the hippocampus was quantified. We also investigated the number of vessel-associated cells expressing CD4 and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II). CD4 is mainly expressed by CD4 T cells, but can also be found on macrophages, monocytes, and activated microglia, whereas MHC II is expressed by macrophages, activated microglia, dendritic cells, and B cells. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate increased numbers of CD163 and CD4 cells following ECS. Most CD4 cells within the vasculature had a similar morphology to the CD163 macrophages. No CD163 cells were detected outside the vessels but a subpopulation of CD4 cells was seen in the brain parenchyma, here with a morphology resembling microglia. There was a transient increase in the number of blood vessel-associated MHC II cells following ECS. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations showed that the cellular response to ECS involves recruitment of blood-derived macrophages, but we could not see any infiltration into the brain parenchyma of these cells.
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| 4. |
- Mohapel, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Working memory training decreases hippocampal neurogenesis.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Neuroscience. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-7544 .- 0306-4522. ; 142:3, s. 609-613
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition appears more complex than suggested by early reports. We aimed to determine if the duration and task demands of spatial memory training differentially affect hippocampal neurogenesis. Adult male rats were trained in the Morris water maze in a reference memory task for 4 days, or alternatively working memory for either 4 or 14 days. Four days of maze training did not impact neurogenesis regardless of whether reference or working memory paradigms were used. Interestingly, 2 weeks of working memory training using a hidden platform resulted in fewer newborn hippocampal neurons compared with controls that received either cue training or no maze exposure. Stress is a well-established negative regulator of hippocampal neurogenesis. We found that maze training in general, and a working memory task in particular, increased levels of circulating corticosterone after 4 days of training. Our study indicates that working memory training over a prolonged period of time reduces neurogenesis, and this reduction may partially be mediated by increased stress.
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| 5. |
- Orre, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Chronic lithium treatment decreases NG2 cell proliferation in rat dentate hilus, amygdala and corpus callosum
- 2009
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Ingår i: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-5846. ; 33:3, s. 503-510
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- An increasing number of investigations suggest volumetric changes and glial pathology in several brain regions of patients with bipolar disorder. Lithium, used in the treatment of this disorder, has been reported to be neuroprotective and increase brain volume. Here we investigate the effect of lithium on the proliferation and survival of glial cells positive for the chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan NG2 (NG2 cells); a continuously dividing cell type implicated in remyelination and suggested to be involved in regulation of neuronal signaling and axonal outgrowth. Adult male rats were treated with lithium for four weeks and injected with the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) before or at the end of the treatment period. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain sections was performed to estimate the number of newly born (BrdU-labeled) NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes in hippocampus, basolateral nuclei of amygdala and corpus callosum. Lithium significantly decreased the proliferation of NG2 cells in dentate hilus of hippocampus, amygdala and corpus callosum, but not in the molecular layer or the cornu ammonis (CA) regions of hippocampus. The effect was more pronounced in the corpus callosum. No effect of lithium on the survival of newborn cells or the number of newly generated oligodendrocytes could be detected. Our results demonstrate that in both white and gray matter brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, chronic lithium treatment significantly decreases the proliferation rate of NG2 cells; the major proliferating cell type of the adult brain. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Orre, Karin
(författare)
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Lithium and brain plasticity - studies on glial cell changes and electroconvulsive treatment-induced amnesia in rats
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Depression and bipolar disorder, collectively known as mood disorders, are devastating, common and often chronic illnesses. Imaging studies of patients with mood disorders have demonstrated structural changes in several brain regions implicated in mood regulation. Furthermore, bipolar disorder is associated with white matter abnormalities and post mortem analysis of brain tissue from patients with mood disorders have shown glial cell pathology. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and pharmacological treatment with lithium have been used in the treatment of mood disorders for over 70 respectively 60 years, but the mechanisms behind their therapeutic effects remain elusive. We have previously shown increased neurogenesis and NG2 cell proliferation in a rat model of ECT, electroconvulsive seizures (ECS). NG2 cells can differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes in the adult brain. Moreover, given the fact they are an abundant proliferative cell type in all areas implicated in mood disorders and with a unique capacity to respond directly to neuronal signalling changes through their specialized contacts with neurons, NG2 cells are highly interesting in the context of mood disorder-associated white and grey matter changes. In paper I we show that chronic lithium treatment unlike its stimulating effect on hippocampal neurogenesis, decreased NG2 cell proliferation in the rat dentate hilus of hippocampus, amygdala and corpus callosum. Decreased proliferation could reflect decreased oligodendrogenesis or possibly cell cycle arrest in favour of differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Thus, in paper II we investigated the effect of lithium on remyelination and oligodendrogenesis in corpus callosum after chemically induced demyelination. We found that lithium treatment during the recovery period after the demyelinating insult decreased remyelination and oligodendrogenesis. In addition, the demyelination-induced inflammation was decreased by lithium. Further studies are needed to investigate if those effects are specific for rats, the dose of lithium used and the brain region investigated. Studies from our laboratory have previously shown a low-grade glial cell activation following ECS. In paper III we show that blood-borne macrophages are recruited to the hippocampal vessel walls after ECS. It can represent the first step in an inflammatory process, but when no further signals are acquired further progression through the astrocytic end-feet layer into the brain parenchyma is halted. ECT’s clinical practice and general acceptance has been limited by concerns about side effects, particularly regarding memory deficits. Certain pharmacological agents administered in association with ECT may protect against amnesia. During recent years, lithium has been shown to reduce memory deficits induced by stroke, stress, head trauma etc. in rodents. In paper IV, we investigated the effect of ECS and lithium treatment on spatial memory and demonstrated robust memory loss for a hippocampus-dependent navigational task learned during the week preceding ECS. This finding was consistent in four independent investigations. However the effect of lithium treatment on ECS-induced amnesia was not as conclusive. In two identically designed studies, lithium counteracted the ECS-induced amnesia, but was neither associated with reduced cell death nor reduced microglia activation Importantly though, an anti-amnestic effect of lithium was not found in two following equally designed studies. Further investigations of ECS-related disturbances are currently ongoing in our research group.
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| 8. |
- Schimmer, Robyn, Doktorand, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Digital Person-Centered Self-Management Support for People With Type 2 Diabetes : Qualitative Study Exploring Design Challenges
- 2019
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Ingår i: JMIR Diabetes. - : JMIR Publications Inc.. - 2371-4379. ; 4:3, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Self-management is a substantial part of treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Modern digital technology, being small, available, and ubiquitous, might work well in supporting self-management. This study follows the process of developing a pilot implementation of an electronic health (eHealth) service for T2D self-management support in primary health care. The use of digital health, or eHealth, solutions for supporting self-management for patients with T2D is increasing. There are good examples of successful implementations that can serve as guides in the development of new solutions. However, when adding person-centered principles as a requirement, the examples are scarce.Objective: The objective of this study was to explore challenges that could impact the design of a person-centered eHealth service for T2D self-management support. The study included data collection from multiple sources, that is, interviews, observations, focus groups, and a Mentimeter (interactive presentation with polling) survey among stakeholders, representing various perspectives of T2D.Methods: A user-centered design approach was used to exploratively collect data from different sources. Data were collected from a workshop, interviews, and observations. The different data sources enabled a triangulation of data.Results: Results show that user needs related to an eHealth service for person-centered T2D self-management support are multifaceted and situated in a complex context. The two main user groups, patients and diabetes specialist nurses, express needs that both diverge and converge, which indicates that critical design decisions have to be made. There is also a discrepancy between the needs expressed by the potential users and the current work practice, suggesting more attention toward changing the organization of work to fully support a new eHealth service.Conclusions: A total of three overarching challenges—flexible access, reducing administrative tasks, and patient empowerment—each having a significant impact on design, are discussed. These challenges need to be considered and resolved through careful design decisions. Special attention has to be given to the patient user group that could greatly impact current work practice and power structures at the primary care unit. A need for further studies investigating patient needs in everyday life is identified to better support the implementation of technology that does not give specific attention to organizational perspectives but instead approach design with the patient perspective in focus.
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