| 1. |
- Immler, Simone, et al.
(författare)
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Driven Apart : The Evolution of Ploidy Differences between the Sexes under Antagonistic Selection
- 2014
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Ingår i: American Naturalist. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0003-0147 .- 1537-5323. ; 183:1, s. 96-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes implies a biphasic life cycle with alternating haploid and diploid phases. The nature of the biphasic life cycle varies markedly across taxa, and often either the diploid or the haploid phase is predominant. Why some taxa spend a major part of their life cycle as diploids and others as haploids remains a conundrum. Furthermore, ploidy levels may not only vary across life cycle phases but may also differ between males and females. The existence of two life cycle phases and two sexes bears a high potential for antagonistic selection, which in turn may influence the evolution of ploidy levels. We explored the evolution of ploidy levels when selection depends on both ploidy and sex. Our analyses show that antagonistic selection may drive the ploidy levels between males and females apart. In a subsequent step, we explicitly explored the evolution of arrhenotoky (i.e., haploid males and diploid females) in the context of antagonistic selection. Our model shows that selection on arrhenotoky depends on male fitness but evolves regardless of the fitness consequences to females. Overall we provide a plausible explanation for the evolution of sex differences in ploidy levels, a principle that can be extended to any system with asymmetric inheritance.
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| 2. |
- Immler, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
Ploidally antagonistic selection maintains stable genetic polymorphism
- 2012
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Ingår i: Evolution. - : Wiley. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; 66:1, s. 55-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding the maintenance of genetic variation in the face of selection remains a key issue in evolutionary biology. One potential mechanism for the maintenance of genetic variation is opposing selection during the diploid and haploid stages of biphasic life cycles universal among eukaryotic sexual organisms. If haploid and diploid gene expression both occur, selection can act in each phase, potentially in opposing directions. In addition, sex-specific selection during haploid phases is likely simply because male and female gametophytes/gametes tend to have contrasting life histories. We explored the potential for the maintenance of a stable polymorphism under ploidally antagonistic as well as sex-specific selection. Furthermore, we examined the role of the chromosomal location of alleles (autosomal or sex-linked). Our analyses show that the most permissible conditions for the maintenance of polymorphism occur under negative ploidy-by-sex interactions, where stronger selection for an allele in female than male diploids is coupled with weaker selection against the allele in female than male haploids. Such ploidy-by-sex interactions also promote allele frequency differences between the sexes. With constant fitness, ploidally antagonistic selection can maintain stable polymorphisms for autosomal and X-linked genes but not for Y-linked genes. We discuss the implications of our results and outline a number of biological settings where the scenarios modeled may apply.
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| 3. |
- Immler, Simone, et al.
(författare)
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The evolution of sex chromosomes in organisms with separate haploid sexes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Evolution. - : Wiley. - 0014-3820 .- 1558-5646. ; 69:3, s. 694-708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of dimorphic sex chromosomes is driven largely by the evolution of reduced recombination and the subsequent accumulation of deleterious mutations. Although these processes are increasingly well understood in diploid organisms, the evolution of dimorphic sex chromosomes in haploid organisms (U/V) has been virtually unstudied theoretically. We analyze a model to investigate the evolution of linkage between fitness loci and the sex-determining region in U/V species. In a second step, we test how prone nonrecombining regions are to degeneration due to accumulation of deleterious mutations. Our modeling predicts that the decay of recombination on the sex chromosomes and the addition of strata via fusions will be just as much a part of the evolution of haploid sex chromosomes as in diploid sex chromosome systems. Reduced recombination is broadly favored, as long as there is some fitness difference between haploid males and females. The degeneration of the sex-determining region due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations is expected to be slower in haploid organisms because of the absence of masking. Nevertheless, balancing selection often drives greater differentiation between the U/V sex chromosomes than in X/Y and Z/W systems. We summarize empirical evidence for haploid sex chromosome evolution and discuss our predictions in light of these findings.
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