| 1. |
- Barnoos, Vahid, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental evaluation of the consolidation treatments of low porosity limestone from the historic monument of the Anahita Temple of Kangavar, Iran
- 2022
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Ingår i: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-9557 .- 1866-9565. ; 14:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to provide an efficient and compatible method to consolidate the limestone blocks used in construction of the Anahita Temple of Kangavar in Iran. Four types of consolidants were evaluated for consolidation treatment, including TEOS, Nanolime, TEOS + MTMOS mixture, and TEOS + Nanolime mixture. The efficiency of the consolidants was evaluated through water absorption, open porosity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, and the durability to freeze-thaw cycles was also verified. Furthermore, the microstructure and color variation were respectively evaluated by SEM-EDS and colorimetry. TEOS + MTMOS mixture decreased water absorption and induced the formation of a homogenous layer without crack; however, a color alteration on the treated surface is also observed. The Nanolime did not work for the consolidation of this stone type due to its low penetration and accumulation of nanoparticles on the surface causing increased water absorption. In addition, TEOS + Nanolime mixture did not penetrate the pores of the stone properly and did not increase its freezing resistance. TEOS induced a satisfactory result with no significant color alteration, if compared to TEOS + MTMOS treatment, as well as improved cohesion of the grains, low water absorption, and consequently increasing the freezing resistance.
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| 2. |
- Barnoos, Vahid, et al.
(författare)
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The deterioration process of limestone in the Anahita Temple of Kangavar (West Iran)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Heritage Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2050-7445. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The well-known archaeological site of Anahita Temple at Kangavar is one of the most important Iranian stone monuments. It has been dated by various authors in an interval extended from Achaemenid to Sasanian Persian Empires (sixth century BCE to seventh century AD). Significant weathering has been occurred in various stone blocks used in the construction of this monument. The aim of this research is to study the deterioration process of the stone blocks used in the Temple. It includes chemical and mineralogical analysis of stones, characterization of deterioration patterns and processes, and identification of factors influenced theprocess. Results have been obtained by on-site and laboratory studies, including optical microscopy, petrography, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupledwith energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods. They showed that low-porosity limestone and dolomitic limestone have been used in the construction of the Temple, which have a compact micritic structure with variable size calcite veins (sparite) and clay veins. According to the on-site and laboratory studies, the deterioration patterns are partially similar in majority of the stone blocks and include different types of detachments as well as biological colonisations. The multianalytical results proved that the deterioration process is mainly of physical weathering type, due to structural and chemical characteristics of the limestone as well as climate factors, temperature fluctuations in particular. It turned out that limestone characteristics (including presence of clay veins as well as heterogeneity of calcitic matrix (micrite and sparite)) can affect the behaviour of stone blocks against climate factors; helping us to find reasons behind physical weathering of limestone in the cultural/historical sites and monuments.
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| 3. |
- Hajjari, Elaheh, et al.
(författare)
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Technical studies on the mechanisms of corrosion and state of conservation of two hoards of Persian copper coins (folus) from the Safavid period in Iran
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of the Institute of Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1945-5224 .- 1945-5232. ; 44, s. 86-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of corroded Safavid copper coins (folus) dating to the seventeenth century CE and minted in Isfahan were discovered in Hamedan, Western Iran. A selection of these coins was studied to identify the minting process, corrosion morphology and mechanisms, and their state of conservation. Eight coins from two hoards were analysed using metallography, ICP–OES, SEM–EDS and XRD to identify their metal/alloy compositions and microstructures, as well as the chemical compositions of any corrosion layers and products. The results showed that the coins were minted from blanks using thermo-mechanical processing to produce their relief-like surfaces. The corrosion morphology was found to include a two-layered corrosion crust in which the original surface was well-retained, and the corrosion mechanisms identified were internal dissolution and oxidation of copper and the formation of copper (II) compounds over the original surface. The presence of chloride compounds in the corrosion products showed that the coins have been suffering from ‘bronze disease’ so that any preventive conservation must include keeping the relative humidity of their storage and exhibition environments below 45%.
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| 4. |
- Holakooei, Parviz, et al.
(författare)
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Micro-Raman spectroscopy in the identification of wulfenite and vanadinite in a Sasanian painted stucco fragment of the Ghaleh Guri in Ramavand, western Iran
- 2016
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Ingår i: Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1386-1425. ; 169, s. 169-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports the results of studies performed on a painted stucco fragment excavated at the Ghaleh Guri in Ramavand, western Iran, and dated back to the late Sasanian period (224–651AD). Analytical studies including micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman), micro-X-ray spectrometry (μ-XRF) and optical microscopy showed that red lead and vermilion were used as main pigments on this fragment. Moreover, carbon black was diagnosed to thinly cover some parts of the red lead. Peculiarly, wulfenite (PbMoO4) associated with vanadinite (Pb5(VO4)3Cl) was identified to compose a yellow stain sporadically dispersed on the other pigments.
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| 5. |
- Holakooei, Parviz, et al.
(författare)
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On, under and beneath the patina: Evaluation of micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence quantitative data on the classification of archaeological copper alloys
- 2021
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Ingår i: Spectrochimica Acta - Part B Atomic Spectroscopy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0584-8547. ; 178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of quantitative micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) analyses was performed on a) corroded surface, b) stripped-patina area and c) polished cross section of twenty-five archaeological copper alloys from Iran in order to check the viability of quantitative XRF data for the classification of ancient copper alloys. The limits of detection and quantification and, also, the precision and accuracy of the analytical data were measured using twelve certified reference materials (CRM). The compositional data obtained through these three approaches were statistically evaluated comparing with the compositional data on the same samples obtained by the inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We demonstrated that the corroded surfaces are depleted in Ni and Zn and enriched in Pb, Sn and As. Also, we suggest that although μ-XRF quantitative compositional data collected from the corroded surfaces may result in misleading information, the areas with the lowest Sn concentration may represent the closest compositional data to the absolute quantity of Cu, Zn, As and Pb in ancient copper alloys. Moreover, it is shown that the quantitative μ-XRF data obtained from the stripped-patina surface and those from the polished cross sections are comparable with the ICP-OES compositional data and can be confidently used for determining the diversity and technology of ancient copper alloys.
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| 6. |
- Koochakzaei, Alireza, et al.
(författare)
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A courtly brocade belt belonging to Qajar period (1789–1925), Iran
- 2023
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Ingår i: Heritage Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2050-7445. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper identifies the materials used to make a brocade belt belonging to the Qajar courtiers in Iran. This belt consists of two fabric types: red support and golden brocade. Accordingly, this paper examined the skin and tannin type, fiber types, dyeing agents, mordant, and metal wrapping of brocade yarns and metal buckle. Technical imaging, ESI–MS, FORS, FTIR and SEM–EDS were used to identify the materials. Multi-band imaging methods included Vis, UVL, IRR, and UVR, in which UVFC and IRFC images were obtained after processing. The results showed that cotton yarn was used in both fabrics. The red fabric yarns were dyed using cochineal and alum mordant. Also, the yellow brocade yarns were dyed using catechins-rich plants, and in this dyeing process, polyphenols and alum have been as mordant. Madder-dyed yarns are also found in parts of the belt. Examination of the metal wrapping of brocade yarns suggests using strips of copper-nickel alloy with a thin layer of gold-silver alloy. This secondary coating protects the copper-nickel strips and increases their golden luster. The leather analysis of the leather parts also indicated the using cattle/calfskin tanned with gallotannins. Belt buckle analysis also shows the use of brass alloy with a high percentage of zinc, leading to a golden sheen and the buckle desired strength. The results show the use of low-cost materials in the manufacture of clothing for the lower levels of the Qajar court.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Oudbashi, Omid, 1978
(författare)
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A methodological approach to estimate soil corrosivity for archaeological copper alloy artefacts
- 2018
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Ingår i: Heritage Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2050-7445. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Characterization of soil corrosivity in archaeological sites is an important subject to understand the conservation conditions of archaeological bronze collections and helps conservators to prepare a conservation strategy for long term preservation of bronze objects. In this paper, a research approach is established to identify soil corrosivity in two archaeological sites and to find correlation between corrosion events and soil characterizations. Therefore, an analytical study was carried out to identify different factors of soil environment influencing corrosivity of the soil in two sites. Based on the results, measuring different factors such as chemical composition, pH, texture, soluble salts and water content and SOM displayed different soil environments in two archaeological sites. The results represent correlative relationship between corrosion mechanism and soil characteristics in these archaeological sites.
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| 9. |
- Oudbashi, Omid, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A multianalytical approach for the study on manufacturing process in ancient bronze coffin from Luristan, Western Iran
- 2017
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Ingår i: Materials Performance and Characterization. - 2165-3992. ; 6:3, s. 209-223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, a recently discovered metallic coffin from the Chubtarash village, near Khorramabad, Luristan area, western Iran is investigated to identify alloy composition and manufacturing process. It is a large metallic bathtub-like coffin in which a skeleton is found with two gold strips covering its eyes and mouth. The coffin has four metallic handles that are joined to the bathtub body with pins. The coffin has been made in one piece but has been broken into some pieces during burial time. For this study, two samples from different parts of the coffin were selected. They have been analyzed with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and metallography methods to identify alloy composition and manufacturing process. Results of chemical analysis showed that the coffin is made of binary copper-tin alloy. Other elements such as Zn, Pb, and As are detected as minor components. In fact, these elements cannot be considered as the alloying constituent in the composition. The microstructure of bronze in scanning electron microscopy-backscattered electron (SEM-BSE) micrographs shows that the thick edge of the coffin has a two-phase microstructure including alpha matrix and eutectoid mixture, while thin body includes a single phase alpha solid solution. Further, it is visible that the bronze in the coffin is corroded heavily at the thin body area. Etched microstructure of the coffin includes equi-axed grains with twin lines and strain bands indicating application of a cycle of cold working and annealing to shape this large bronze coffin into one piece.
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| 10. |
- Oudbashi, Omid, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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A note on the corrosion morphology of some middle elamite copper alloy artefacts from haft tappeh, South-West Iran
- 2010
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Ingår i: Studies in Conservation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0039-3630 .- 2047-0584. ; 55, s. 20-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper reviews the corrosion morphology of some copper-based alloy objects from the Middle Elamite site of Haft Tappeh, south-west Iarn about 1400 BC. These artefacts have undergone extensive bronze disease corrosion and their interior is completely converted to a greyish-white, tin-rich phase, with corresponding loss of copper.
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