| 1. |
- Madsen, Morten D., et al.
(författare)
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The many faces of condominiums and various management structures − The Danish case
- 2022
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of condominium in Denmark is traditionally associated with owner apartments used for residential purposes (individually owned by the resident). The condominium law translated from Danish: “Law of owner apartments” was primarily intended to support the housing market and was mainly introduced to allow renters to become owners of a rental apartment in a high-rise building, i.e., making it possible forthem to enter the housing market without having to invest in an (often more expensive) traditional house on a real property. However, the law also applies on other nonresidential rooms in a building, thus the expression, many faces, is appropriate. The ownership right to a condominium unit includes a share in all components of the common property. This share also includes the responsibility to pay for common expenses regarding the common components. In traditional high-rise (single-use) buildings the common components of the condominium property include e.g., the outer walls, roof, cellar and a staircase or an elevator. Because of the nature of (single-use) buildings it is often fair to say that all condominium units have an equal benefit of the common components. Thus, it is regarded as being fair that all condominium units contribute to expenses to maintain and renew those common components. Therefore, the condominium law is partly designed to support this benefit-all principle, and the allocation of rights and responsibilities is done mainly by using a co-ownership share, where each condominium unit’s share is calculated using the relative value and size of each condominium unit. The benefit-all principle does not consider the actual benefit of each condominium unit. However, the rise of mixed-use developments in Danish urban planning has made it necessary to further develop and customize the allocation of ownership rights in such mixed-use condominium schemes in order to specify the allocation of ownership rights and responsibilities of common components, mainly because it is not fair to accept that all units have the same benefit of the common components. Based on four case studies all representing mixed-use condominium developments we analyse various management structures used in Danish practice. In our conclusion we propose that condominiums are used broader than original intended for various non-residential purposes and in mixed-use developments. The effect of this, is more complicated condominium schemes that require a customized management structure and allocation of rights and restrictions of common components.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Çağdaş, Volkan, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of the property boundary – A review of selected civil law jurisdictions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 124, s. 106445-106445
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The boundary of real property is the fundamental element for securing rights attached to land. Countries, even with a long-standing cadastral tradition, often face the challenge of interpreting the course of a parcel boundary on the ground based on the available evidence, as data quality is very heterogeneous. Various cadastral principles and procedures have been developed for the determination of parcel boundaries in the field, which may also be associated with resolving boundary disputes. This article documents and compares the principles and procedures applied in the determination of property boundaries in selected civil law countries based on a novel conceptual model developed for that purpose. The notion of ‘boundary determination’ used in this article refers to demarcating and surveying land parcel boundaries during the initial cadastral survey and cadastral update procedures. The selected countries include Denmark and Sweden, which apply Nordic civil law; Slovenia and Turkey, which apply German civil law; and Spain, which applies Napoleonic civil law. The demarcation principles and processes applied in the different cadastral systems, the parties involved, and the evidence taken into consideration in these processes are described and compared. The main aim is to contribute to the documentation of the reasoning applied to the property boundary determination in the selected civil law countries.
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| 5. |
- Dimopoulou, Efi, et al.
(författare)
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3 D нэгж талбарын анхны бүртгэлүүд (Initial Registration of 3D Parcelels)
- 2024
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Ingår i: 3DКАДАСТРЫН ШИЛДЭГ ТУРШЛАГУУД (Best Practices 3D Cadastres). - : International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). - 9788792853646 ; , s. 67-94
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Гурван хэмжээст (3 D үл хөдлөх хөрөнгийн талаарх ойлголт, үзэл баримтлалууд 90 ээд онысүүл үеэс эхлэн газар зохион байгуулалтын баримт бичиг болон судалгааны бүтээлүүдэдтусах болсон билээ. Өнөө цагт бид 3 D кадастрын талаар хийгдсэн судалгаа, өргөн цархүрээтэй ойлголт, шилд эг туршлагуудыг олон ном, судалгааны бүтээлүүдээс харж болно.Хэдий тийм боловч ихэнх улс орнуудад 3 D үл хөдлөх хөрөнгийн эрх зүйн зохицуулалтуудыгнарийвчлан тодорхойлж 3 D кадастрын системийг эрхлэх асуудал одоо хүртэл нарийншийдэгдэ эгүй, судлагдаагүй хэвээр байна.Энэ бүлэгт Европ, Хойд болон Латин Америк, Ойрх Дорнод, Австралийн нийт 15 өөр эрхзүйн орчин дахь 3 D үл хөдлөх хөрөнгийн үзэл баримтлалыг зохиогчдын өөрсдийнх ньүндэсний туршлагад тулгуурлан харьцуулан авч үзсэн болно. Түүнчлэн Герман, Франц,Скандинав з эрэг өөр өөр ялгаатай иргэний эрх зүйн орчин дэх 3 D кадастрын системийнжишээг авч үзсэн нь эдгээр улстай ижил төрлийн эрх зүйн систем хөгжсөн бусад орнуудад3D кадастрын системийг нэвтрүүлэхэд тус нэмэр болох буй заа. Гэхдээ эдгээр жишээ, сайнтуршлагууд нь 3 D кадастрын системийг нэвтрүүлэх, хэрэгжүүлэх гэх мэт өөр өөр үе шатандявж байгааг анхаарна биз ээ. Энэ нь 3 D үл хөдлөх хөрөнгийн үзэл баримтлал, 3 D кадастрынсистемийг нэвтрүүлэхэд тулгамдаж буй асуудлуудыг тодорхойлоход хувь нэмэр оруулахынзэрэгцээ тухайн эрх зүйн орчинд хараахан бий болоогүй байгаа бэрхшээл, асуудлуудыг
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| 6. |
- Kalogianni, Eftychia, et al.
(författare)
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Refining the Legal Land Administration-related Aspects in LADM
- 2022
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Ingår i: 10th International FIG workshop on the Land Administration Domain Model in LADM. ; , s. 255-276
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Among the topics that are introduced and/ or being refined in the context of the revision of the LADM 19152:2012, the legal Land Administration-related aspects are being investigated. With the knowledge and the experience from the developments of the LADM so far, and the ongoing discussion between the parties involved in the standardisation process, the need to clarify certain legal land-related aspects and to examine the alternatives for further refinement is highlighted.Therefore, this paper presents prior work on LADM-related legal aspects since the vote of LADM as ISO standard (2012), till the time of the preparation of this paper (2021) to report the necessary background for this research. This concerns the developments related to the various legal refinements that have been proposed during this time period and specifically the refinement of the legal profiles, the LADM functional support to representation of both statutory and customary tenure and the work regarding the explicit definition of restrictions that arise from Public Law.Moreover, this paper focuses on documenting the proposals on a refined legal model for the LADM Edition II. These include the following: (a) more detailed classification of RRRs, based on the two major types of interests in land: privately agreed interests as well as regulations imposed by a public agency and Public Law restrictions. The paper also includes (b) a discussion on the extent that LADM Edition I provides efficient support for the title and deed registration systems (as others e.g. in socialist environment), as well as (c) a discussion on how restrictions and responsibilities can be modelled as rights’ relationships between an owning and a benefitting Party.
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| 7. |
- Karolina, Larsson, et al.
(författare)
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Visualisation of 3D Property Units - experiences from a case study in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings 11th International FIG Land Administration Domain Model / 3D Land Administration Workshop. - Köpenhamn. - 9788793914094 ; , s. 1-14
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on experiences concerning a project aiming at visualisation of three dimensional (3D) property units in Stockholm, Sweden. The Swedish national registration system, the national real property register, includes a textual description as well as a two dimensional map, normally consisting of a scan of the legal map document produced during the property formation process. Today, a 3D-pdf or a BIM model cannot be part of the formal property formation decision and documentation. It can thus be difficult to illustrate 3D real property on just a two-dimensional map.The paper describes a project carried out by Stockholm municipality to visualise 3D property unit volumes within the municipality by combining them with existing 3D city models (including building- and terrain models). The aim is to show and analyse the problems and challenges identified in the project by illustrating what has been done and how the use of 3D real property information can be further developed in the future.The method used in this research is a document study of the project focusing on representation in the digital cadastral index map for 3D real property units as part of the national real property register, as well as associated documentation from other agencies, and by interviewing key persons involved in the project.The project created a local 3D model which is stored in the municipality´s own internal database. Some information was retrieved from the national real property register, such as information on height (lowest and highest) and the horizontal expansion of the real property. Data was then processed and analysed using Feature Manipulation Engine (FME) to create 3D property volumes. The project used in-house software and data as much as possible. The volumes were stored in the municipal database. The 3D volumes could be used as a supplement to the information stored in the national real property register and the cadastral dossiers. The results can be used as a component for the development of a national three-dimensional cadastral index map as well as for enabling 3Dmodels as part of the formal cadastral property formation procedure.
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| 8. |
- Kitsakis, Dimitrios, et al.
(författare)
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Бүлэг 1 Эрх зүйн үндэслэл (Chapter 1: Legal foundations)
- 2024
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Ingår i: 3DКАДАСТРЫН ШИЛДЭГ ТУРШЛАГУУД (Best Practices 3D Cadastres). - Copenhagen : International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). - 978 87 92853 64 6 ; , s. 1-67
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Гурван хэмжээст (3 D үл хөдлөх хөрөнгийн талаарх ойлголт, үзэл баримтлалууд 90 ээд онысүүл үеэс эхлэн газар зохион байгуулалтын баримт бичиг болон судалгааны бүтээлүүдэдтусах болсон билээ. Өнөө цагт бид 3 D кадастрын талаар хийгдсэн судалгаа, өргөн цархүрээтэй ойлголт, шилд эг туршлагуудыг олон ном, судалгааны бүтээлүүдээс харж болно.Хэдий тийм боловч ихэнх улс орнуудад 3 D үл хөдлөх хөрөнгийн эрх зүйн зохицуулалтуудыгнарийвчлан тодорхойлж 3 D кадастрын системийг эрхлэх асуудал одоо хүртэл нарийншийдэгдэ эгүй, судлагдаагүй хэвээр байна.Энэ бүлэгт Европ, Хойд болон Латин Америк, Ойрх Дорнод, Австралийн нийт 15 өөр эрхзүйн орчин дахь 3 D үл хөдлөх хөрөнгийн үзэл баримтлалыг зохиогчдын өөрсдийнх ньүндэсний туршлагад тулгуурлан харьцуулан авч үзсэн болно. Түүнчлэн Герман, Франц,Скандинав з эрэг өөр өөр ялгаатай иргэний эрх зүйн орчин дэх 3 D кадастрын системийнжишээг авч үзсэн нь эдгээр улстай ижил төрлийн эрх зүйн систем хөгжсөн бусад орнуудад3D кадастрын системийг нэвтрүүлэхэд тус нэмэр болох буй заа. Гэхдээ эдгээр жишээ, сайнтуршлагууд нь 3 D кадастрын системийг нэвтрүүлэх, хэрэгжүүлэх гэх мэт өөр өөр үе шатандявж байгааг анхаарна биз ээ. Энэ нь 3 D үл хөдлөх хөрөнгийн үзэл баримтлал, 3 D кадастрынсистемийг нэвтрүүлэхэд тулгамдаж буй асуудлуудыг тодорхойлоход хувь нэмэр оруулахынзэрэгцээ тухайн эрх зүйн орчинд хараахан бий болоогүй байгаа бэрхшээл, асуудлуудыгурьдчилж харахад илүү дөхөм болгож байна.Түүнчлэн та бүхэнд хүргэхийг зорьсон дараагийн асуудал бол тухайн улс бүрийн эрх зүйнорчин болон кадастрын систем дэх 3 D гэж тодорхойлсон кадастрын объектуудын онцлог,шинж чанаруудыг илүү тодотгон тайлбарлах юм. Мөн 3 D кадастрын системтэй улсорнуудаас э хлээд 3 D кадастрын системийг нэвтрүүлэх сонирхолгүй байгаа улс орнуудынжишээ, туршлагад дүн шинжилгээ хийж 3 D кадастрын объектын мөн чанар, үзэл баримтлал,бүртгэлийн зохицуулалтын тогтолцооны ялгааг харуулжээ. Тус бүтээлд дээр дурдсан улсорнуудын 3 D кад астрын эрх зүйн үзэл баримтлалд дүн шинжилгээ хийх замаар 2014 ондДубайд болсон 3 D кадастрын олон улсын 4 р хурлын эрх зүйн салбар хуралдааныхэлэлцүүлэгт хөндөгдсөн асуудлуудыг үргэлжлүүлсэн болно. Үүний үр дүнд 3 D үл хөдлөххөрөнгийн тухай одоо байгаа эрх зүйн тогтолцоо, үзэл баримтлал, ойлголтуудыг тоймложхөрөнгийн тухай одоо байгаа эрх зүйн тогтолцоо, үзэл баримтлал, ойлголтуудыг тоймлож тэдгээрийн ижил төстэй болон ялгаатай байдлыг тайлбарласан байна. Төгсгөлд нь цаашид тэдгээрийн ижил төстэй болон ялгаатай байдлыг тайлбарласан байна. Төгсгөлд нь цаашид хэрхэх арга замыг танилцуулж, тухайн улсын болон олон улсын хэмжээнд 3хэрхэх арга замыг танилцуулж, тухайн улсын болон олон улсын хэмжээнд 3D D кадастрын кадастрын систсистемийг нэвтрүүлэхэд хууль тогтоомжид нь ямар нэмэлт өөрчлөлт оруулах шаардлагатай емийг нэвтрүүлэхэд хууль тогтоомжид нь ямар нэмэлт өөрчлөлт оруулах шаардлагатай талаар судалгааны үндэслэл боловсруулах шаардлагыг тодорхойлжээ.талаар судалгааны үндэслэл боловсруулах шаардлагыг тодорхойлжээ.
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| 9. |
- Larsson, Karolina, et al.
(författare)
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3D property formation in complex infrastructure- and building projects : Exemplified by the Slussen project in Stockholm
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on the Land Administration Domain Model and 3D Land Administration. - Köpenhamn. - 9788793914094 ; , s. 196-216
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper describes the use of 3D real property formation at a major construction site inStockholm, Sweden, project Slussen.Real property formation with complex 3D volumes and numerous real properties andassociated rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) has to be shown with the realproperties and RRRs in relation to each other. The present legal solutions and documentationthereof are based on analogue documentation (digitalised to pdf) and cannot be attached ase.g. dwg files. Architects and other professionals do not normally have access to the 3D realproperty boundaries in their 3D building models from the beginning of a project and the exactlocations of boundaries are agreed upon during the formation process to achieve as usablesolutions as possible.The aim of this paper is to describe the 3D property formation process when involvingcomplex solutions securing RRRs to solve legal and planning challenges on different levels ofdetail. The paper focuses on the cadastral real property formation procedures using 3Dproperty formation for constructions above and underground, as well as how they areregistered in the national real property register. The paper illustrates a complex 3D propertysolution and adds to the understanding of the challenges of registration and visualisation ofSwedish 3D real property in Stockholm, focusing on legal as well as technical experiences.This research is a document study based on an analysis of the property formation andplanning documentation and processes of a cadastral procedure conducted in the Slussenproject, as well as associated documentation from other agencies, and by interviewing keypersons involved in the project. The paper illustrates the need for a national cadastral indexmap in three dimensions to be used in the formal real property formation procedures, toachieve a comprehensible and correct representation and visualisation of 3D real propertiesand RRRs in Sweden.The results can be used as input in coming property formations of a similar kind, as well as acomponent for the development of a national three-dimensional cadastral index map.Furthermore, the results can be an input to capacity building for the future use of 3D modelsas part of the formal cadastral property formation procedure.
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| 10. |
- Paasch, Jesper M., Professor, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Location and marking of cadastral boundaries in Nordic countries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Surveying and Real Estate Research. - : Nordic Journal of Surveying and Real Estate Research. - 1459-5877 .- 2341-6599. ; 7, s. 5-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cadastral boundaries are key components for ordering the ownership of real property by dividing it into territories. This study analyses the similarities and differences in marking cadastral boundaries in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. A case study was conducted by examining legislations, ordinances, guidelines, and other instructions. These are issued by both the respective national governments, and associated agencies responsible for real property formation and demarcation of boundaries, such as, the national cadastral authorities. We describe, analyse, and discuss the visual division between properties, boundary marks, natural features used as real property boundaries, the information on boundaries in national registers, prescriptive rights, and the localization of boundaries in each country. The outcome of the study shows that there are many similarities between the four countries, but also differences. As an example, the materials used for demarcation differ between each country. Furthermore, the party performing the cadastral procedures range from governmental officials to licenced private surveyors. Finally, differences were noted in whether a real property boundary following a river or stream when created will change position if the river or stream changes course over time.
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