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| 2. |
- Ander, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Elchockvapen som hjälpmedel vid polisiära ingripanden : En vetenskaplig utvärdering av Polismyndighetens försöksverksamhet med elchockvapen 2018-2019
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BAKGRUND: Ur ett internationellt perspektiv har det, inom polisen, under de senaste åren skett en ökning i användandet av mindre dödliga vapen. Dessa vapen används för att ta kontroll över potentiellt farliga och icke samarbetsvilliga personer. Ett vanligt förekommande mindre dödligt vapen är elchockvapen (ECV). Elchockvapen har fram till 2018 inte använts i Sverige, men Polismyndigheten har under åren 2018–2019 genomfört en försöksverksamhet med ECV.SYFTE: Syftet med undersökningen var att utvärdera Polismyndighetens försöksverksamhet med ECV, samt att undersöka vilken legitimitet polisens användning av ECV har bland allmänheten.METOD: Både kvantitativa och kvalitativa data samlades in för att utvärdera försöket med ECV. Mätningar före, under, och i slutet av försöksverksamheten genomfördes med hjälp av en enkät. Enkäten besvarades av två grupper av poliser; en grupp som ingick i försöksverksamheten med ECV samt en kontrollgrupp poliser som inte ingick i försöksverksamheten. För att fördjupa förståelsen för enkätresultaten genomfördes djupintervjuer och fokusgruppsintervjuer med poliser som hade erfarenhet av ECV under försöksverksamheten. För att undersöka legitimitetsaspekter utifrån ett medborgarperspektiv genomfördes fokusgrupper med deltagare från allmänheten. Data från Polisens arbetsskadesystem LISA inhämtades för att undersöka ECV:s inverkan på skador hos poliserna.RESULTAT: Enkätresultaten visade inga skillnader mellan delaktiga och kontrollgrupp när det gäller upplevelse av stressfulla situationer. Upplevelsen av trygghet vid ingripanden med hög grad av motstånd eller när polisen blir fysisk angripen har dock ökat för de poliser som deltagit i ECVförsöket, jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Intervjuresultaten åskådliggör också att tillgången till ECV bidrar till att minska upplevelsen av stress i våldsamma situationer genom att ECV ökar tryggheten i sådana situationer. Intervjuresultaten påvisar även att tillgången till ECV gör att man slipper använda andra potentiellt skadligare våldshjälpmedel såsom fysiska metoder och skjutvapen. Enkätresultatet visar ingen skillnad mellan de som ingick i försöksverksamheten och kontrollgruppen när det gäller att utsättas för hot, våld eller motstånd, eller att polis eller motpart blir skadade. Resultaten från intervjuer och fokusgrupper synliggör att poliserna upplever att ECV fyller en viktig funktion. Poliserna ser enbart fördelar med ECV och vissa menar att det är det bästa verktyg som de har fått. ECV upplevs kunna rädda liv, minska skador på polis och motpart, samt förbättra arbetsmiljön för poliser. Intervjuer och fokusgrupper pekar på att deltagarna upplever att ECV har en deeskalerande inverkan, vilket både kan minska våldsanvändningen, och förebygga våld mot polisen. Enkät och intervjuresultaten indikerar att ECV bidrar till en minskad användning av andra hjälpmedel såsom batong och pepparspray, vilka ofta ger mer skador på både motpart och polis. Deltagarna från allmänheten har uppfattningen att ECV är ett effektivt och bra verktyg för polisen, men lyfter vikten av att det finns en lyhördhet gällande vilka situationer som den används i och mot vem.SLUTSATSER: Utifrån våra enkätresultat är det svårt att dra några säkra slutsatser kring hur användandet av ECV inverkar på skador hos poliser och motpart. Erfarenheterna bland de delaktiga är dock att risken för våld och skador minskar markant, vilket är en viktig indikator. Tillgången till ECV kan öka trygghet och minska stress i ingripandesituationer där kraftigt motstånd och våld förekommer. ECV kan även minska användandet av pepparspray och batong, och det finns indikationer på att ECV har använts istället för skjutvapen. ECV kan underlätta val av hjälpmedel vid ingripanden med hög grad av hot och våld och kan ha en deeskalerande inverkan. Polisens användande av våldshjälpmedel, inklusive ECV, upplevs berättigat av informanterna från allmänheten.
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| 3. |
- Azadbakht, Leila, et al.
(författare)
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Soy inclusion in the diet improves features of the metabolicsyndrome: a randomized crossover study in postmenopausal women
- 2007
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 85:3, s. 735-741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Little evidence exists regarding the effects of soyconsumption on the metabolic syndrome in humans.Objective: We aimed to determine the effects of soy consumptionon components of the metabolic syndrome, plasma lipids, lipoproteins,insulin resistance, and glycemic control in postmenopausalwomen with the metabolic syndrome.Design: This randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken in42 postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Participantswere randomly assigned to consume a control diet (DietaryApproaches to Stop Hypertension, DASH), a soy-protein diet, or asoy-nut diet, each for 8 wk. Red meat in the DASH period wasreplaced by soy-protein in the soy-protein period and by soy-nut inthe soy-nut period.Results: The soy-nut regimen decreased the homeostasis model ofassessment-insulin resistance score significantly compared with thesoy-protein (difference in percentage change:7.40.8; P0.01)or control (12.9 0.9; P 0.01) diets. Consumption of soy-nutalso reduced fasting plasma glucose more significantly than did thesoy-protein (5.30.5%; P0.01) or control (5.10.6%; P0.01) diet. The soy-nut regimen decreased LDL cholesterol morethan did the soy-protein period (5.0 0.6%; P 0.01) and thecontrol (9.5 0.6%; P 0.01) diet. Soy-nut consumptionsignificantly reduced serum C-peptide concentrations comparedwith control diet (8.0 2.1; P 0.01), but consumption ofsoy-protein did not.Conclusion: Short-term soy-nut consumption improved glycemiccontrol and lipid profiles in postmenopausal women with the metabolicsyndrome.
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| 4. |
- Azizi, F, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainability of a well-monitored salt iodization program in Iran: marked reduction in goiter prevalence and eventual normalization of urinary iodine concentrations without alteration in iodine content of salt.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. - 0391-4097 .- 1720-8386. ; 31:5, s. 422-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:Two yr after legislation of salt iodization of 40 parts per million (ppm) in 1994, goiter was still endemic and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) remained elevated in many provinces of Iran. Goiter prevalence and UIC were compared 2 and 7 yr after sustained consumption of uniformly iodized salt by Iranian households.METHODS:Schoolchildren (7-10 yr) of all provinces were randomly selected by cluster sampling from December 2000 to June 2001. Goiter rate, UIC, and household salt iodine values were compared to those in 1996. Factory salt iodine was also compared in 2001 vs 1996. Ultrasonographically determined thyroid volumes of 7-10 yr old children were compared in 2001 vs 1999.RESULTS:In 2001 (no.=33600) vs 1996 (no.=36178), total, grade 1, and grade 2 goiter rates were 13.9 vs 53.8%, 11.0 vs 44.8%, and 2.9 vs 9.0%, respectively (p<0.0001). Weighted total goiter rate was 9.8% in 2001. Median (range) UIC in 2001 (no.=3329) was 165 (18-499) microg/l and in 1996 (no.=2917) was 205 (10-2300) microg/l (p<0.0001). In 2001 vs 1996, mean+/-SD for iodine salt content was 32.7+/-10.1 vs 33.0+/-10.2 ppm (p=0.68) in households and was 33.2+/-13.4 and 33.8+/-13.2 ppm (p=0.57) in factories, respectively. Among 7-10 yr old children in 2001 (no.=400) vs 1999 (no.=396), only 7-yr-old children in 2001 (the only group with probably no history of iodine deficiency) showed significant smaller thyroid volumes by ultrasonography compared to those in 1999.CONCLUSIONS:After 7 yr of optimized iodized-salt supplementation in Iran, adequate UIC values and marked reduction in goiter rate have been achieved.
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| 5. |
- Backteman-Erlanson, Susann, 1958-
(författare)
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Burnout, work, stress of conscience and coping among female and male patrolling police officers
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background. Police work is a stressful occupation with frequent exposure to traumatic events and psychological strain from work might increase the risk of burnout. This thesis focuses on patrolling police officers (PPO), who work most of their time in the community and have daily contact with the public. Since police work traditionally is a male coded occupation we assume that there are differences between women and men in burnout as well as experiences from psychosocial work environment.Aim. The overall aim of this thesis is to explore burnout, psychosocial and physical work environment, coping strategies, and stress of conscience when taking gender into consideration among patrolling police officers.Methods. This thesis employs both qualitative and quantitative methods. In Paper I a qualitative approach with narrative interviews was used where male PPO described experiences of traumatic situations when caring for victims of traffic accidents. A convenience sample of nine male PPO from a mid-sized police authority was recruited. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Papers II, III, and IV were based on a cross-sectional survey from a randomly selected sample stratified for gender from all 21 local police authorities in Sweden. In the final sample, 1554 PPOs were invited (778 women, 776 men), response rate was 55% (n=856) in total, 56% for women (n=437) and 53% for men (n=419). The survey included a self-administered questionnaire based on instruments measuring burnout, stress of conscience, psychosocial and physical work environment, and coping.Results. Findings from Paper I were presented in three themes; “being secure with the support system,” “being confident about prior successful actions,” and “being burdened with uncertainty.” Results from Paper II showed high levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), 30% for female PPOs and 26% for male PPOs. High levels of depersonalization (DP) were reported for 52 % of female PPO, corresponding proportions for male were 60%. Multiple logistic regression showed that stress of conscience (SCQ-A), high demand, and organizational climate increased the risk of EE for female PPO. For male PPO stress of conscience (SCQ-A), low control and high demand increased the risk of EE. Independent of gender, stress of conscience (SCQ-A) increased the risk of DP. Psychometric properties of the WOCQ were investigated with exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, a six-factor solution was confirmed. DIF analysis was detected for a third of the items in relation to gender. In Paper IV a block wise hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed investigating the predictive impact of psychological demand, decision latitude, social support, coping strategies, and stress of conscience on EE as well as DP. Findings revealed that, regardless of gender, risk of EE and DP increased with a troubled conscience amongst the PPO.Conclusion. “Being burdened with uncertainty” in this male-dominated context indicate that the PPO did not feel confident talking about traumatic situations, which might influence their coping strategies when arriving to a similar situation. This finding can be related to Paper II and IV showing that stress of conscience increased the risk of both EE and DP. The associations between troubled conscience and the risk of experiencing both emotional exhaustion and depersonalization indicate that stress of conscience should be considered when studying the influence of the psychosocial work environment on burnout. Results from this study show that the psychosocial work environment is not satisfying and needs improvement for patrolling police officers in Sweden. Further studies including both qualitative and quantitative (longitudinal) methods should be used to improve knowledge in this area to increase conditions for preventive and rehabilitative actions.
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| 6. |
- Backteman-Erlanson, Susann, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploration of the WOCQ tool in relation to gender and psychometric properties among Swedish patrolling police officers
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Police work is a stressful occupation with frequent exposure to traumatic events. In Sweden knowledge about coping strategies among police personnel is absent probably due to lack of validated measurements. Aim of this study was to explore psychometric properties of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOCQ) among Swedish police personnel, including testing differential item functioning (DIF) for gender. The WOCQ was sent out to 1554 randomly selected patrolling police officers in Sweden. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used. A six factor solution was confirmed with differences and similarities compared to the original eight factor solution. DIF analysis showed similarities and differences in relation to gender. We suggest that the WOCQ can be used when investigating coping strategies in a Swedish police context.
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| 7. |
- Backteman-Erlanson, Susann, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of burnout and associations with psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience among Swedish female and male police personnel
- 2012
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Ingår i: Police Practice & Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1561-4263 .- 1477-271X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Focus of this study was to investigate prevalence of burnout and relation to psychosocial work environment, physical strain, and stress of conscience amongst female and male police personnel in Sweden. The questionnaire was answered by 856 (55%) patrolling police officers, 437 (56%) women vs. 419 (53%) men. Prevalence and mean values for emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization (DP) was higher in our study compared to other studies including police personnel in Norway and the Netherlands. A multiple logistic regressions showed that for women stress of conscience, high demand, and organizational climate was significant associated with EE, for men it was stress of conscience, decision, and high demand. For DP only stress of conscience contributed statistically significant in our model, respectively, of gender. Further research is needed to develop interventions aiming to reduce levels of burnout among police personnel in Sweden.
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| 8. |
- Barkhordari, Mahnaz, et al.
(författare)
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Stata Modules for Calculating Novel Predictive Performance Indices for Logistic Models
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : Briefland. - 1726-9148 .- 1726-913X. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Prediction is a fundamental part of prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The development of prediction algorithms based on the multivariate regression models loomed several decades ago. Parallel with predictive models development, biomarker researches emerged in an impressively great scale. The key question is how best to assess and quantify the improvement in risk prediction offered by new biomarkers or more basically how to assess the performance of a risk prediction model. Discrimination, calibration, and added predictive value have been recently suggested to be used while comparing the predictive performances of the predictive models’ with and without novel biomarkers.Objectives: Lack of user-friendly statistical software has restricted implementation of novel model assessment methods while examining novel biomarkers. We intended, thus, to develop a user-friendly software that could be used by researchers with few programming skills.Materials and Methods: We have written a Stata command that is intended to help researchers obtain cut point-free and cut point-based net reclassification improvement index and (NRI) and relative and absolute Integrated discriminatory improvement index (IDI) for logistic-based regression analyses.We applied the commands to a real data on women participating the Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) to examine if information of a family history of premature CVD, waist circumference, and fasting plasma glucose can improve predictive performance of the Framingham’s “general CVD risk” algorithm.Results: The command is addpred for logistic regression models.Conclusions: The Stata package provided herein can encourage the use of novel methods in examining predictive capacity of ever-emerging plethora of novel biomarkers.
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| 9. |
- Barkhordari, Mahnaz, et al.
(författare)
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Survival Regression Modeling Strategies in CVD Prediction
- 2016
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Ingår i: International journal of endocrinology and metabolism. - : Research Institute For Endocrine Sciences and Iran Endocrine Society. - 1726-9148 .- 1726-913X. ; 14:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A fundamental part of prevention is prediction. Potential predictors are the sine qua non of prediction models. However, whether incorporating novel predictors to prediction models could be directly translated to added predictive value remains an area of dispute. The difference between the predictive power of a predictive model with (enhanced model) and without (baseline model) a certain predictor is generally regarded as an indicator of the predictive value added by that predictor. Indices such as discrimination and calibration have long been used in this regard. Recently, the use of added predictive value has been suggested while comparing the predictive performances of the predictive models with and without novel biomarkers. Objectives: User-friendly statistical software capable of implementing novel statistical procedures is conspicuously lacking. This shortcoming has restricted implementation of such novel model assessment methods. We aimed to construct Stata commands to help researchers obtain the aforementioned statistical indices. Materials and Methods: We have written Stata commands that are intended to help researchers obtain the following. 1, Nam-D'Agostino X-2 goodness of fit test; 2, Cut point-free and cut point-based net reclassification improvement index (NRI), relative absolute integrated discriminatory improvement index (IDI), and survival-based regression analyses. We applied the commands to real data on women participating in the Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) to examine if information relating to a family history of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD), waist circumference, and fasting plasma glucose can improve predictive performance of Framingham's general CVD risk algorithm. Results: The command is adpredsurv for survival models. Conclusions: Herein we have described the Stata package "adpredsurv" for calculation of the Nam-D'Agostino X2 goodness of fit test as well as cut point-free and cut point-based NRI, relative and absolute IDI, and survival-based regression analyses. We hope this work encourages the use of novel methods in examining predictive capacity of the emerging plethora of novel biomarkers.
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| 10. |
- Blom-Nilsson, Marcus, Fil. dr, et al.
(författare)
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Samsjuklighet, substansanvädning och psykisk ohälsa
- 2023
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Ingår i: Effektiv insatsplanering vid svår substansanvändning. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144155180 ; , s. 121-132
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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